Užsieniečių teisinės padėties ypatumai Lietuvos Respublikoje
Dunčienė, Audrutė |
Jarašiūnas, Egidijus | Darbo gynimo komisijos pirmininkas / Thesis Defence Board Chairman |
Abramavičius, Armanas | Darbo gynimo komisijos narys / Thesis Defence Board Member |
Žiobienė, Edita | Darbo gynimo komisijos narys / Thesis Defence Board Member |
Vidrinskaitė, Saulė | Recenzentas / Rewiewer |
Mesonis, Gediminas | Darbo gynimo komisijos narys / Thesis Defence Board Member |
Vainiutė, Milda | Darbo gynimo komisijos narys / Thesis Defence Board Member |
Žlugus sovietų imperijai, visoje Europoje vėl ėmė suktis istorijos ratas. Lietuvai atgavus Nepriklausomybę ir tapus nepriklausoma Respublika, kurią pripažino pasaulio valstybės, iškilo būtinumas reguliuoti ne tik santykius, susijusius su Lietuvos pilietybe, bet ir nustatyti užsieniečių, esančių Lietuvos teritorijoje, teisinį statusą bei teisiškai sureguliuoti užsieniečių atvykimo, buvimo, vykimo per ją, gyvenimo joje ir darbo klausimus. Penkiasdešimties metų Sovietų Sąjungos okupacija Lietuvai davė neigiamų padarinių, nes šalis buvo izoliuota nuo užsienio valstybių, ko pasekoje nutrūko ekonominiai ryšiai su pasauliu, migraciniai srautai sumažėjo iki minimumo. Dėl Lietuvos izoliacijos, aktyvios migracinių procesų kontrolės, planinės ekonomikos ir kt. sovietmečiui Būdingų padarinių beveik nevyko ir darbo jėgos judėjimas.
The regulation of the status of aliens is the matter of the internal law of the same state and of the international law as well. The first law on the legal status of aliens in Lithuania was adopted in 1991. It rules provided for aliens the same rights and freedoms as for the citizens of Lithuania with exceptions prescribed by Constitution, this and other laws and international agreements of the Republic of Lithuania, e.g. the national regime was established. This law was replaced in 1998 with the Law on the legal status of aliens that entered into force on 1 July 1999. Its provisions were coordinated with the European convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Internal law of the state provides who shall be considered as an alien in this state. Over influence of international law, alien shall be not only a person under citizenship of another country, but also stateless person, e.g. alien – any person not a citizen of the state. The law on the legal status of aliens prescribes that an alien is every person who has no Lithuanian citizenship despite of possession of citizenship of another state. A person with double citizenship shall not be considered as an alien despite his foreign citizenship. In general, the state is not bound to admit aliens to enter its territory, but nowadays there is no state that bans it. As a rule, internal law provides some conditions of legal entrance into country (travel document, visa, etc.). As it is prescribed in the international instruments and Constitutions of many countries, the right of free entrance shall be guaranteed only for citizens. The freedom to choose a residence within the territory of a state and freedom to move about within the borders of a state shall be granted to every person lawfully within the territory despite his citizenship. According to the art. 32 of the Constitution of Lithuania, these freedoms are guaranteed only for citizens. The law on the legal status of aliens prescribes that alien having a license to stay or to reside can freely choose a residence and freely move within the borders of the state. In accordance with provisions of the Law on the Status of Refugees in the Republic of Lithuania these freedoms are also restricted to the persons who are granted temporary territorial asylum, e.g. who asked for a status of refugee. Alien who want to stay in Lithuania more than 90 days a year must have a license for a temporary stay or a license for a residence (permanent stay). The Law on the Legal Status of Aliens prescribes different conditions to obtain these licenses. An alien who has the license for a residence last 10 years and satisfies other requirements of the Law on the Citizenship can ask for a citizenship of Lithuania. Article 48 of the Constitution of Lithuania prescribes that “The work of aliens in Lithuania shall be regulated by law”. According to the Law of the Legal Status of Aliens, alien, who wants to work, must have a license which duration cannot be longer than 1 year with a possibility to extend, but no longer than for 2 years. The status of aliens is different than citizens’, especially with respect of political rights, such as right to elect or be elected to the representative bodies of state power of the Republic of Lithuania, right to assembly, they may not hold any posts in state service, etc. there are some differences also between aliens, e.g. between legal status of citizens of another state and stateless persons, because legal status of citizens with foreign citizenship may be amended by international agreements of the Republic of Lithuania with foreign states, the citizens of which the are.