The right to resist and the right of rebellion

the termination of abuse of authority and violation of human rights by its agents, return to democratic legal regime or change in the constitutional system, aimed at creating a state of law, as well as in some cases, when combined with the right to selfdetermination, – the achievement of independence. The author of the present paper considers that the right to resist is an individual right, a human right. But the author inclines to the idea of the collective nature of the right to resist implementation, but warns against simply counting the number of persons engaged in it. In other words, it does not matter how many people commit acts, but it does matter how many people support them. Considering the modalities of implementing the right to resist, it should be noted that these forms can be active or passive, expressed in actions directly or indirectly. The right of rebellion is an extreme form of the right to resist, which is carried out in case if the non-violent means of resistance are exhausted or proved ineffective. The conditions (and bases) of the right of rebellion are phenomena, such as the following: (1) massive human rights violations by public authorities (quantitative criterion); (2) systematic human rights violations by public authorities (accumulating criterion); or (3) extraordinary human rights violations by public authorities (criterion by serious, explicit and violent nature of the violation). Ambiguous is an issue of the limits of the right of rebellion, its permission and proportion, as well as whether it is possible to develop a mechanism for exercising this right.

Straipsnyje analizuojamos teisė priešintis ir teisė sukilti (maištauti), apžvelgiant įvairių mokslininkų nuomones apie šių teisių sampratą ir esmę bei pateikiant autoriaus nuomonę šiuo klausimu. Taip pat identifikuojamos šių teisių realizavimo sąlygos, tikslai ir formos. Teisė priešintis gali būti suprantama kaip veiskmai be prievartos ir tiesioginiai prievartos veiksmai, o teisė sukilti laikoma ekstremalia pirmosios teisės išraiškos forma. Kiekvienos šių teisių realizavimui yra nustatytos specialios sąlygos (griežtesnės sukilimui), kaip teisėtas tikslas, masiniai žmogaus teisių pažeidimai ir pan. Šių teisių pripažinimas ir palaikymas jas įgyvendinant yra reikalaujamas iš žmonių ir gali būti reikalaujamas iš tarptautinės bendruomenės.