Bausmių skyrimas padarius kelias nusikalstamas veikas JAV teisėje
Mykolo Romerio universitetas |
| Date |
|---|
2008 |
Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti JAV teisėje numatytus bausmių skyrimo ypatumus esant nuskalstamų veikų daugetui. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iš pradžių trumpai apibūdinamos pagrindinės bausmių skyrimo taisyklės, įtvirtintos „Bausmių skyrimo vadove". Vėliau apžvelgiamos bausmių skyrimo asmenims, padariusiems kelias nusikalstamas veikas taisyklės. Pateikiami ir apibūdinami bausmės skyrimo padarius kelias nusikalstamas veikas etapai: 1) nusikalstamų veikų, dėl kurių asmuo teisiamas, skirstymas į atskiras tarpusavyje susijusių nusikalstamų veikų grupes; 2) pažeidimo lygio, taikytino kiekvienai grupei, nustatymas; 3) bendro pažeidimo lygio, taikytino visoms grupėms kartu, nustatymas. Siekiant aiškiau perteikti JAV teisės specifiką, pateikiami kiekvieną taisyklę paaiškinantys pavyzdžiai. Pabaigoje pateikiamas visą bausmės skyrimo procesą apibendrinantis pavyzdys.
The main purpose of this article is to bring to light the peculiarities of USA sentencing law related to multi-count convictions. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to discuss the sentencing rules defined in USA Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual. In the first part of this article the sentencing process and main elements of this process (such as Basic Offence Level, Criminal History Points, Sentencing Table, Departure and other) are briefly described. The second and the main part of this article is related to multi-count convictions. According to the procedure for determining offense level on multiple counts as described in USA Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual, when a defendant has been convicted of more than one count, the court should: 1) group the counts resulting in conviction into distinct Groups of Closely Related Counts ("Groups"); 2) determine the offense level applicable to each Group; 3) determine the combined offense level applicable to all Groups taken together. As defined in the USA Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual all counts involving substantially the same harm should be grouped together into a single Group: 1) when counts involve the same victim and the same act or transaction; 2) when counts involve the same victim and two or more acts or transactions connected by a common criminal objective or constituting part of a common scheme or plan; 3) when one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated as a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to, the guideline applicable to another of the counts; 4) when the offense level is determined largely on the basis of the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a substance involved, or some other measure of aggregate harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing or continuous in nature and the offense guideline is written to cover such behavior.[...].