Proquest Social Science Journals

Cooperation and networking among a variety of organisations for the purpose of research, projects, and other activities ranges from ad hoc to long term organisational relationships, formalised or based on informal cooperation. Although informality is frequently much valued and drives organisations to partner on substance rather than bureaucracy, formalisation of networks and cooperation might be indispensible for effective partnerships and activities, as well as representation of mutual interests beyond the national level. Hoshall such networks be formalised at European and/or national levels so that they are flexible enough, involve minimum bureaucracy, and engage the maximum scope of possible activities? This article focuses on the analysis of possible legal structures facilitating the work of a group of entities and individuals engaged in cross-border activities. This study examines the potential of national legal opportunities in five countries: Belgium, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and the Netherlands, and the proven legal form of EEIG in reducing the barriers for cooperation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these legal form s for a formalized network and the purposes it serves.

In 2013 and 2015, the ECtHR in the famous case of Delfi AS v. Estonia recognised the possibility for a website operator to be liable for the delayed removal of illegal comments of internet users. In this case the ECtHR formulated criteria for a website operator’s liability for damage caused to a third party by its visitor comments. The judgment of 2016 in the case of MTE & Index v. Hungary the ECtHR modified the criteria for a website operator’s liability, interpreting it to the benefit of web managers. This article seeks to reveal the criteria for the liability of a website operator and to draw some general guidance that can be applied in similar cases.

In the past few years the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in Lithuania has significantly increased. However, enjoying the advantages of this technology, which improves society’s socio-economical safety (public safety in a broad sense), raises some privacy concerns. This article analyses European Union and national legal regulations regarding the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as well as legal tools for defence of the right to privacy or prevention from its breaches in the Republic of Lithuania. Unmanned aerial vehicles have become popular only recently; thus, legislation regarding their use has not yet become a common topic among lawyers. Furthermore, case law of the Republic of Lithuania is silent about it. Thus, the authors model a situation of breach of privacy using an unmanned aerial vehicle and analyse possible defence mechanisms.

In 2008, the average share of shadow economy in Europe was 19.4 percent, in 2012 – 19 percent, while in Greece these values of shadow economy were bigger: in 2008 – 24.3 percent and in 2012 – 22.3 percent of share of shadow economy. The scientists having researched shadow economy focused on the motives / reasons that prompt businessmen to operate underground. Shadow economy as a hidden factor is difficult to measure, making it necessary to use multiply observable indicators to approximate the extent of the shadow economy (Ruge, 2010). That is why such global organisations as the World Bank and others announce annual figures of shadow economy in most countries, including and evaluating their macroeconomic factors. The analysis of the scientific literature revealed that, in general sense, shadow economy emerges in such spheres as taxation, social security and labour aspects of undeclared work, so the aim of this article is not to measure the scope of shadow economy, but to identify what country-level determinants from the spheres mentioned above have the strongest impact on the scope of shadow economy in Greece during 2005-2013. The results of the research will enable to develop the recommended directions that could be followed seeking to reduce the scope of shadow economy in Greece.