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Central state administration entities implement public administration functions at the territorial level through territorial state administration entities, which constitute a distinct component of the public administration system. This level is crucial as it directly ensures the provision of administrative and public services to individuals within the administrative units of the Republic of Lithuania, thereby serving the public interest. This article aims to analyse the organisational model of territorial state administration entities and the challenges associated with their organisation. The study of the layout model (organisational structure) of territorial state administration entities begins with an analysis of its legal regulation in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and other legal acts. The article first investigates whether the organisational model of these entities is established in the country s main law or other laws of the Republic of Lithuania, and how detailed this model is defined in the aforementioned legal acts. Special attention is also given to the actual arrangement of territorial public administration entities within the administrative units of the Republic of Lithuania. The criteria and principles guiding these arrangements are examined, as well as the powers granted to the heads of central public administration entities to make decisions regarding the organisation of these entities. The conclusions drawn from the research are presented at the end of the article.

The development of renewable energy resources significantly impacts economic growth, various aspects of which can be assessed. First, the sector contributes to job creation, as new technologies and projects require specialists in various fields, from engineering to installation. Second, investments in renewable energy drive economic growth as the private and public sectors increasingly invest in innovation and infrastructure. In addition, developing renewable energy sources can lower energy prices for consumers, increase market competition, and reduce dependence on imported resources. However, there are also challenges related to initial investment costs, technological barriers and required political support. To ensure the successful development of renewable energy sources, it is necessary to create a favorable legal and regulatory environment, as well as to promote education and training in this area. In conclusion, the development of renewable energy resources can become an important driver of economic growth but requires a balanced approach and strategic planning. This work aims to evaluate the impact of the use of renewable resources on the economy after examining theories of economic growth. The following methods are used: analysis of theoretical and practical statements, comparative analysis, and panel data analysis. The research rejects hypotheses which suggest that transitioning to renewable energy sources slows economic growth. The development and adoption of renewable energy resources are essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air quality, and ensuring sustainable development in the European Union. Despite initial costs and the hypothesis that transitioning to renewable energy slows economic growth, research shows that renewable energy sources (RES) do not hinder growth in the long term. Instead, they drive economic growth through technological advancements, job creation, and attracting significant investments, ultimately contributing to environmental protection and energy stability.

Any struggles in the nomination and appointment of constitutional justices and failed renewal of the composition of the constitutional court might corrupt the perception of the independence of the guardian of constitutionality. The recent wave of impropriate renewals of constitutional courts throughout Europe leads to substantial concern. There are numerous more or less serious examples, including the well-known cases of Poland and Hungary, but alongside with them Latvia, Lithuania, the Slovak Republic, etc. In an era of democratic back-sliding more significant in some countries and less in others, it leads to wondering whether the influence of politics in power could be the critical factor distorting the composition of constitutional courts and whether this can be seen as a new virus infecting new democracies. After analyzing the recent failures to appoint constitutional justices, caused essentially by malfunction due to political actors participating in the process, the paper argues that in the selection, nomination, and appointment of constitutional justices, ensuring the depoliticization of this procedure is not the best choice, because the participation of democratically elected institutions in the formation of the constitutional courts enhances their legitimacy and credibility. The former, entrusted with the power to adopt erga omnes decisions, desperately need this legitimation. Different political cultures and contrasts in states' constitutional orders suggest that there is hardly one recipe that fits all. However, some universal and fundamental criteria stemming from the principle of the rule of law intended to ensure the independence of constitutional justice could bind the discretion of political actors participating in the nomination and appointment of constitutional judges and contribute to preventing constitutional crises.

This research examines the concept of apparent authority, a legal doctrine that can hold a principal liable for the unauthorised actions of an agent. Despite a person’s lack of expressed desire for representation or an agent’s deviation from instructions, the ordinary legal consequences of representation can still apply if the conditions of apparent authority are established. This research adopts a comparative approach, analysing the criteria for applying apparent authority across civil law and common law legal traditions, as well as in soft law instruments. Lithuania, with its explicit legal provisions on apparent authority, serves as the primary jurisdiction of this analysis. By examining the interpretation of the individual conditions of apparent authority, this research seeks to determine how to ensure balanced protection of the interests of the parties involved in agency relationships (i.e. the principal, the agent and the third parties).

The author analyses the peculiarities of the behaviour of consumers of tourism services in terms of sustainability in Lithuanian regions. The aim of the study is to analyse the peculiarities of the behaviour of consumers of tourism services in terms of sustainability in Lithuanian regions. The objectives of the study are to carry out a theoretical analysis of the peculiarities of the behaviour of consumers of tourism services in terms of sustainability and to carry out a study of the peculiarities of the behaviour of consumers of tourism services in terms of sustainability in Lithuanian regions. The paper analyses theoretical aspects of the behaviour of consumers of tourism services in terms of sustainability and presents the results of the research. It concludes that the behaviour of respondents in Lithuanian regions in terms of sustainability while travelling is still in the process of formation. Most respondents try to consume responsibly when travelling, do not litter or collect their own waste, but only sometimes choose environmentally friendly/certified accommodation and environmentally friendly ways of travelling. Most respondents take recommendations from friends/colleagues/acquaintances, consume responsibly when travelling and care about the environment. The most important experiences for travellers during their trip are related to nature, culture, gastronomy, etc.

Straipsnyje pateikiamos metodologinės prieigos, kuriomis grindžiamas Lietuvos vidurinės mokyklos (11–12 klasės) ir gimnazijos (III–IV klasės) geografijos ugdymo turinio atnaujinimas bei Bendrųjų geografijos ugdymo programų kūrimas. Siekiama atsakyti į klausimą „Kaip pagrįsti ir sistemingai susieti geografijos mokslo ir didaktikos raidos tendencijas, remiantis nūdienos geografinį ugdymą apibrėžiančiais tarptautiniais ir Lietuvos švietimo dokumentais?“ Analizuojami Lietuvos švietimo ir tarptautiniai dokumentai (chartijos, deklaracijos), apibrėžiantys ugdymo turinio atnaujinimo ir geografinio švietimo šiuolaikines tendencijas. Palyginama geografijos ir jos didaktikos (mokyklinės geografijos) istorinė raida ir perspektyva. Parodoma ugdymo pasiekimų sričių ir kompetencijų sklaida atskirose bendrojo ugdymo mokyklos pakopose.

This study aimed to identify profiles of achievement goal orientations and transitions between these profiles among adolescents from different socioeconomic backgrounds before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. A sample of 1268 adolescents (51.7% females; Mage = 14.87; SDage = 0.39) participated in four waves of data collection: One took place pre-pandemic (at the start of 9th grade) and three took place during the Covid-19 pandemic. Latent transition analyses revealed four profiles of achievement goal orientations at each study wave: moderately motivated, success-oriented, mastery-oriented, and unmotivated. Most adolescents remained in the same profile or transitioned to a similar one across subsequent study waves. However, some more substantive, mostly unfavourable patterns of transitions between the profiles were also observed, especially among highly motivated adolescents. The latter patterns coincided with pandemic-related online learning periods. Results also showed a large motivational disadvantage among students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, which was particularly pronounced before the pandemic, but remained salient throughout the study

Esė analizuojamas Džeromo Seimūro Brunerio (Jerome Seymour Bruner) ir Džono Diujo (John Dewey) požiūris į aplinką, kurioje vyksta ugdymosi procesas, lyginamas konstruktyvizmo filosofijos krypties – pozityvizmo ir pragmatizmo – klasikų požiūris į ugdymą. Šie mokslininkai augo ir kūrė toje pačioje amerikietiškoje švietimo sistemoje, priešinosi to meto esančiai bihevioristinei ugdymo filosofijai, ieškojo naujų idėjų, tarkim, kaip mokytis iš patirties, per praktiką, kaip prasmingą veiklą nukreipti į mokymą(si), taip pat reformavo to meto švietimo sistemą. Atsižvelgiant į šiandienos aktualų – įtraukųjį – ugdymą, galima teigti, kad Dž. S. Brunerio idėjos – aktyvus mokinio mokymasis, spiralinis mokymasis ir pastoliavimas – yra aktualios ir prasmingos. Dž. Diujo mokykla – atvira, demokratiška, leidžianti skleistis ir augti kiekvienam, – turi būti „gyva“ tam, kad mokiniai išmoktų spręsti savo ar visuomenės problemas, su kuriomis susiduria ir mokykloje, ir už jos ribų. Čia prasmingai siejasi ir Marijos Lukšienės išsakytas teiginys, kad reikia kurti atvirą žmogų, o per jį – atvirą kultūrą. Kultūros ir žmogaus atvirumas neatskiriamas nuo demokratiškumo (Lukšienė, 2013).

The paper aims to research the benefits of robotics to early childhood education, specifically prosocial values. The study examined a sample (n = 130) of children from fourteen kindergartens in one Lithuanian region aged 3-4 and 5-6 years old. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences in both groups learning with and without robots regarding collaboration, interest, and joy measures. However, there was no statistically significant difference in group 3-4 children regarding the difficulties measure. Also, the results revealed that children aged 5-6 had fewer difficulties in learning using the robot than without robots. This study provides insights that activities with robots foster positive emotions and prosocial values and decreases negative emotions while learning with robots.

The paper aims to investigate users’ behavior regarding inbound marketing while consuming content, in particular, to reveal the source of the reasons and triggers affecting content need in the case of long-consumption products. In the theoretical part of the article, the literature analysis is conducted in order to build a theoretical background. The variety of theories of content values as well as users’ decision-making processes are analyzed, and a conceptual view of the origins of content need is formed, which states that the need for a specific type of content emerges under the conditions of the consumer’s experienced gap of information or knowledge when in the stages of the buying model. In order to test this hypothesis, empirical research—the survey—was conducted. The main conclusion is that the decision-to-buy model makes a significant impact on the gap experienced by the consumer of the content and has the potential to be used to reveal the need for different content types in terms of its purposes.