Cabell's

The article object is to is a relatively new research direction in economic theory - economic security at the macro-level. One of the aims of this article is to reveal the country’s economic security idea and to choose methods for this economic phenomenon evaluation as well as to suggest the method to evaluate the energy sector's impact on this economic phenomenon. Firstly, the authors review different approaches to economic security principles and do some assumptions related to the country's economic security concept. There is shortly described the energy sector. Since the scientific problem is how to evaluate the energy sector and the country's security and what impact the energy sector has on the country's economic security, the authors have selected methods to analyze the links between energy sector activities and economic security. Furthermore, there were presented the results of regression analyzes and concluded what energy sector indicators influence countries' economic security.

The concept of permanent establishment introduced over a century ago became obsolete in the XXI age. It is completely irrelevant in terms of modern online business. Recent OECD initiatives are only a late reaction to the internationally observed legal loophole in taxing profits of e-commerce companies. Steps taken by the international community over the last few years reveal considerable diversity in approaches towards the concept of permanent establishment. Even the key principles to be followed in the development of the new concept of permanent establishment have not been agreed so far. The present article is an attempt to propose the major principles to be followed in updated interpretations of the concept of permanent establishment equally effective in terms of both big multinationals and SMEs.

While algorithmic governance in the public sector can lead to increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness, the implementation of those digital innovations can also result in multiple forms of harm: data bias can lead to reinforcement of inequality, discrimination, and criminalization of already marginalized populations; lack of accountability and transparency in decision-making can lead to injustices; societal trust and the legitimacy of public sector institutions may suffer; privacy and fundamental human rights may be threatened, ethical standards challenged. Digital transformation, leading to algorithmic governance, may be challenged in times of crisis, such as the recent pandemic outbreak, as new technologies in public sector institutions and forms of data-driven surveillance and intrusive monitoring are introduced in the name of public security and social need. This research focuses in affirming the assumption that the effective management in the public sector, first of all, is determined by the ability of this sector to transform the perception of the services delivered; secondly, it requires strategic actions to enable the systemic and coherent digital transformation of the public sector; and lastly, the new strategies of human resources management in the public sector should be considered. The focus is concentrated on understanding how the implementation of digital tools to the public sector and public services correlate with algorithmic governance concept and what impact digitization has on the effectiveness of management in the public sector.

Cyber security has become an important issue both on the EU and the national level. Cyber security is now perceived as a part of national security. The newly emerging cyber security policy, comprising national cyber security strategies as an important constituent part, has been recently paid considerable attention. Speaking of national cyber security strategies, a positive thing is that the majority of EU member states have already approved such strategies. However, the approved strategies differ considerably in terms of their content and implementation. The present article aims at identifying reasons for differences in individual national strategies and analyses aspects of their unifications in expectation to find out an optimum balance between the degree of unification and the need to retain differences arising from intrinsic national singularities. To this end, the article analyses the issue of national cyber security on the basis of Lithuania's cyber security strategy as a sample in the context of ENISA good practices for the development of cyber security strategies and by application of ENISA developed KPIs and testing ENISA cyber security strategy evaluation tool. Finally, the article suggests recommendations on further development of national cyber security strategies in terms of their unification and national singularities.

The impact of technological advances in all industry sectors is being felt and, thus, there is no doubt that digital transformation will have significantly affect Lithuanian manufacturing sector. In order to assess the extent to which Lithuanian processing industry companies are digitalized, an in-depth descriptive analysis of installed digital technologies in these companies was executed. The goal of this analysis – to determine whether Lithuanian companies of processing industry has been sufficiently digitalized and are ready to completely adopt the principles of Industry 4.0 in the installation of digital solutions within all segments of the value-chain creation. The research on already-applied digital tools and technologies in those companies was made during the phase of analysis. There was also an attempt to define the most digitalized processes of operation and the least or non-digitalized processes of operations in those companies. After the assessment of a current digitalization level in the company was made, there was an attempt to clarify the strengths and problematic challenges as well as the underlying reasons for its challenges. After the above-mentioned data was collected, recommendations on which additional tools and means to apply in order to encourage the process of digitalization in the companies were formulated and passed on to the companies.