DOAJ

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama daugialypės tarpsektorinės diskriminacijos proble-matika darbo santykiuose. Atskleidžiami Darbo užmokesčio skaidrumo direktyvos aspektai daugialypės diskriminacijos kontekste, analizuojama įtvirtinta daugialypės diskriminacijos draudimo sąvoka ir galimas poveikis Europos Sąjungos antidiskriminacinės teisės vystymuisi. Taip pat pateikiamos Darbo užmokesčio skaidrumo direktyvos stiprybės, silpnybės ir galimybės. Įvertinama, kad daugialypė tarpsektorinė diskriminacija yra sudėtingas reiškinys, kuriam atpažinti būtina tinkama diskriminacinių pagrindų sąveikos analizė ir pažymimas atitinkamos palyginamosios priemonės parinkimo poreikis. Straipsnyje analizuojamos Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo nagrinėtos bylos, kuriose daugialypės tarpsektorinės diskriminacijos sąveikos klausimas liko neišspręstas, nes galimai trūksta teisinės doktrinos. Apibendrinant pateikiamos galimo daugialypės tarpsektorinės diskriminacijos vertinimo ir naujo požiūrio Europos Sąjungos antidiskriminacinėje teisėje įžvalgos.

This article explores the impact of student evaluation culture on lecturers’ professional dignity and reputation in the context of globalization. Student evaluations have become not only a mechanism for assuring study quality but also a key factor shaping academic reputation and career prospects. The aim of the study is to examine how evaluation practices affect lecturers’ dignity and reputation while identifying the ethical criteria that reinforce respect within the academic community. The research draws on literature analysis, comparative methodology, and theoretical generalizations. The findings reveal that student evaluation culture is strongly influenced by market logic, the dominance of satisfaction-driven criteria, and the spread of consumerist values, all of which are intensified by globalization, transforming higher education into a competitive service market. The study concludes that respect, honesty, accountability, transparency, and professional integrity are essential ethical principles for safeguarding lecturers’ dignity, reducing reputational vulnerability, and fostering trust in the academic community.

This paper analyses the legal and moral tensions between religious rights and the rights of sexual minorities, focusing on two cases: Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission before the United States Supreme Court and Gareth Lee v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 18860/19) before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Both cases involve Christian-owned bakeries refusing to create cakes supporting same-sex marriage or the rights of sexual minorities, citing religious beliefs. By analysing these caseswithin a broader legal and societal context, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on how courts navigate tensions between religious freedom and LGBTQ+ rights.The methods of analysis of legal acts, comparative, logical, and summarising methods were used in this article. Results of research show that courts and international bodies of human rights in thesecases must navigate complex intersections of freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and equality norms, while being mindful ofthe social and political contexts in which these disputes arise. Ultimately, the developing jurisprudence in this area suggests that no uniform solution is likely to emerge soon; instead, courts will continue to approach such conflicts on a case-by-case basis, weighing the competing rights at stake and the proportionality of any limitations imposed.

The rapid expansion of the European Union’s digital regulatory framework and recent adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) has introduced complex, overlapping compliance obligations for AI systems, and consequently, their developers and users. These challenges are amplified for dual-use AI systems, which may be developed for civilian markets yet deployed in military contexts, requiring alignment with both EU regulatory instruments and defence-specific frameworks such as NATO policies. Existing approaches to regulatory compliance remain largely manual, fragmented, and difficult to scale, particularly when legal requirements must be translated into actionable, system-level specifications for dual-use contexts. This paper proposes a novel ontology-based methodology for automated regulatory compliance requirements specification for dual-use AI systems. The methodology systematically integrates legal and technical perspectives by structuring compliance obligations across deployment domains (civilian and defence), system lifecycle phases, and requirement categories, including privacy- and security-related obligations. Implemented as a machine-readable knowledge graph using RDF/Turtle, the approach enables executable compliance modelling, where regulatory obligations are formalised as machine-interpretable entities that can be queried, validated, and deployment-specifically configured through semantic reasoning and SPARQL-based analysis. The methodology is validated through a detailed case study of an AI-powered espionage detection system, demonstrating how context-aware semantic reasoning and SHACL-based validation can ensure that regulatory requirements are consistently specified and mapped to concrete system components. The proposed framework advances the state of the art by providing a rigorous, extensible foundation for compliance-by-design and automated analysis, thereby reducing compliance risk and supporting responsible AI engineering in complex omni-use regulatory environments.

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso norma, reglamentuojanti konfiskuotino turto vertės išieškojimą. Konfiskuotino turto vertės išieškojimas yra baudžiamojo poveikio priemonė, kuri padeda įgyvendinti bausmės tikslus ir užtikrinti, kad nusikalstamos veikos taptų ekonomiškai nenaudingos. Kaltininkui skiriama baudžiamojo poveikio priemonė, kaip ir bausmė, turi būti individualizuojama: reikia, kad ji ne tik atliktų represinę funkciją, bet ir būtų proporcinga bei teisinga. Įstatymų leidėjas nenumatė galimybės išieškoti tik dalį konfiskuotino turto vertę atitinkančios pinigų sumos, tačiau Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas savo jurisprudencijoje yra išaiškinęs, kad, siekiant įgyvendinti teisinės valstybės principą, teismai, atsižvelgdami į nusikalstamos veikos padarymo aplinkybes, nusikalstamą veiką padariusį asmenį charakterizuojančius duomenis ir kitas bylai reikšmingas aplinkybes, gali spręsti dėl konfiskuotino turto dalies išieškojimo. Įvertinus kriterijus, kuriais teismai vadovaujasi nustatydami konfiskuotino turto vertės išieškojimo dydį, pažymėtina, jog visais atvejais reikėtų įvertinti ir kaltininko turtinę padėtį, kad skiriama baudžiamojo poveikio priemonė atitiktų teisingumo, proporcingumo ir teisinės valstybės principus. Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojama, ar turto vertę atitinkanti pinigų suma su PVM atitinka turto vertės sampratą.

Šio straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti ir įvertinti, ar privilegijuotųjų ir naujasis išperkamųjų akcijų reguliavimai gali pasitarnauti sprendžiant darbuotojų finansinio dalyvavimo įmonės valdyme problemas. Iš jų vienos pagrindinių įgyvendinant dalybas akcijomis su darbuotojais yra formalūs akcijų suteikimo (ABĮ 471 str.) instituto reikalavimai; akcijų suteikiamų teisių perleidimo ar disponavimo apribojimų nustatymo ir privilegijuotųjų akcijų ribojimai; teisinis netikrumas, pažadant akcijas suteikti akcijų pasirinkimo sandorio pagrindu; akcijų likvidumas. Išanalizavus patobulintą privilegijuotųjų akcijų reguliavimą gautos išvados, jog šis pasitarnautų nustatant darbuotojams suteikiamų akcijų teisių ir ribojimų apimtį (palyginti su ABĮ 471 str.), netiesiogiai gali pagelbėti teisinio netikrumo ir akcijų likvidumo klausimais. O naujasis išperkamųjų akcijų reguliavimas gali būti suderintas su ABĮ 471 str., tačiau nesprendžia su akcijų suteikimo institutu susijusių problemų. Visgi išperkamosios akcijos pasitarnauja kaip akcijų realizavimo įrankis, kadangi bendrovėms sudaroma aiški ir patogi įstatyminė galimybė įgyvendinti akcijų išpirkimą, o tai yra patrauklu investuotojams ar darbuotojams.

The author of this paper is going to focus on the technological part of investigative interviewing of a child who belongs to a socially vulnerable group of persons. A child may be a witness, a victim, or a suspect in the criminal proceedings. Due to young age and ongoing cognitive, men-tal, and emotional development, the investigative interviewing process must be conducted in the most effective manner that allows them not to harm the child’s psyche. In each situation the Hippocratic principle is applicable: “to help or at least to do no harm” (primum non nocere) during investigative interviewing. The above-mentioned principle man-dates investigators from pre-trial investigative bodies, prosecutors, and pre-trial investigating judges to avoid causing harm to participants in the criminal proceedings, namely in the given academic paper – a child to be victimized. The Hippocratic principle prevents a child from being harmed again after a previous, often similar, experience of victimizatio. For example, in child sexual abuse cases. The author of this paper would like to pay attention to the technological part of investigative interview-ing. Namely, in choosing the proper premises for conducting investiga-tive actions in the future, acoustics and interior design of the premises, use of the microphone, and placement of audio and video recording devices and speakers.So, the author is going to analyze the premises, interior design of the premises, and equipment for communication and recording from the point of view of protecting a child from revictimization. The author is of the opinion that the technological part plays the same role in the success of pre-trial investigation as the proper performance of all legal procedures during investigative interviewing prescribed by the criminal procedure code and other legal acts. The author shares his observations obtained during his performance of the prosecutor’s functions when he oversaw organization, direction, and supervision of the pre-trial investi-gations related to the crimes committed against children or the crimes committed by children in the territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Due to assigned tasks, the author took part at the pre-trial investigation stage during investigative interviewing of the children conducted by the judges in the court, mainly victims who suffered sexual violence. The in-terview procedure of a child is regulated in detail by the criminal proce-dure code and standard operation procedures approved by the order of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Lithuania. It creates an illusion that the rights of the child victim, child witness, and child suspect are protected and there is no way for revictimization. Although, once more, practice proves that detailed and precious legal regulation of an inves-tigative interviewing procedure of a vulnerable group of human beings can’t have stopped them from becoming a victim yet again. Questions may arise. Why? What are the reasons standing behind it? The answer to the above-mentioned questions is simple. Technical specifications of equipment in use during an investigative interviewing, location of the courthouse building, interview room location in the building, acoustics of the premises, interior design of the premises, choosing unsuitable microphones for the communication, and bad location for installation of the video-audio equipment for recording an interview may create suitable conditions for secondary victimization.

Healthcare systems face ongoing challenges that require reforms to enhance innovation, accessibility, and efficiency. Lithuania’s healthcare reform aims to enhance equity, quality, and sustainability by reorganising its service network. However, implementation has revealed unintended effects, including “network compression”, where large hospitals absorb services from smaller regional facilities, deepening regional inequality and limiting accessibil-ity for rural populations. A qualitative research method with 22 informants was employed. Healthcare professionals are reporting growing fatigue, increased administrative burdens, and a decline in empathy in patient care. These outcomes highlight how efficiency-oriented poli-cies can unintentionally depersonalise services and marginalise regional healthcare providers. Based on interviews with healthcare professionals, this study examines how reforms trans-form everyday clinical practices and local service delivery. The findings underscore the need to balance efficiency-driven reforms with empathy, professional autonomy, and equitable access to healthcare.