De Gruyter

The article reviews the most important legislative, case law and legal literature developments in Lithuanian tort law in 2022. It iincludes a discussion of Lithuanian Supreme Court cases which have raised issues vicarious tort liability of school and parents, liability of bancruptcy administrators to company's creditors, and public liability for a company's lost income.

Reflecting on the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, which emphasises that progress in sustainable development depends on ensuring prosperity, and in line with the Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims to promote the well-being of all age groups, including children, this study aims to examine the childís legitimate right to communicate with both parents in the context of divorce and support arrangements. Filling the gaps in previous research, our research problem is focused on analysing the impact on sustainability, the childís emotional well-being and the protection of the childís rights in the situation of parental divorce. Following the emergent approach, an instrumental case study design and a qualitative research strategy were employed using methods such as content analysis of legal documents and semi-structured interviews. The research questions addressed two dimensions of the analysis: the factors contributing to the exercise of the childís right to communicate with the separated parent; and violations of the childís rights where the childís right to communicate with both parents is not properly ensured or not at all ensured. The results of this study reveal that the parent living with the child after the divorce acts contrary to the best interests of the child, denying the childís inherent right to be raised and educated by both parents.

The article addresses the most important tort law developments in Lithuania in 2021 covering legislative amendments, case law and research. Case law in respect of compensations for personal injury is addressed separately.

Review of developments of tort law in European jurisdictions in 2020.

Three field studies using norm-based public service announcements were carried out in a university context. The studies yielded inconclusive results, pointing toward the need to investigate the contextual and individual effectiveness of persuasive communication based on making social norms salient. The presented studies are discussed as the first steps in introducing persuasive pro-environmental communication in a specific university context and some ways forward are proposed.

The role of balancing in the development and application of European data protection is enormous. European courts widely use it; it is the basis for harmonization of pan-European and national laws, plays a crucial role in everyday data protection. Therefore, the correctness of a huge number of critical decisions in the EU depends on the perfection of the balancing method. However, the real ability of the balancing method to cope with this mission has been subjected to intense criticism in the scientific literature. This criticism has highlighted its imperfections and casts doubt on its suitability to optimize the relation between competing rights. Paradoxically, the everyday practice of balancing tends to ignore this criticism. The limitations of the balancing method are typically not discussed and are not taken into account when considering legal cases and solving practical issues. Thus, it is tacitly assumed that the shortcomings and limitations of the balancing method, which the criticism points out, are irrelevant when making real-life decisions. This article discusses the scope of this phenomenon, its manifestations, and its impact on the quality of data protection decisions based on the balancing method:sub-optimality of these decisions, their opacity, public dissatisfaction with the legal regulation, its instability and low authority The ways of bridging the gap between the practice of balancing and science and broader consideration by the practice of the shortcomings of the balancing method identified during scientific discussions are considered.

This paper uses novel qualitative research methods (phenomenology, ethnography, and enactivism) to understand the cognitive processes through which radiologists interpret medical images to arrive at a diagnosis. From this perspective, diagnosis is not simply a matching of findings to retrieved mental images, but more properly an act of embodied or situated cognition, one that involves perception along with the actualisation of professional memory and imagination and an expert-level understanding of the involved technology. Image interpretation involves a diverse set of factors, each of which is critical to arriving at the correct diagnostic interpretations, and conversely, may be the source of mis-interpretations, and diagnostic error. Interpretation depends on the radiologist’s understanding of the imaging modality that was used, a deep appreciation of anatomy, and comprehensive knowledge of relevant diseases and how they manifest in medical imaging. A range of personal and inter-personal factors may also come into play, including understanding the actions, values, and goals of the patient, the imaging technicians, and the clinicians and other medical professionals involved in the patient’s care. This multi-dimensional perspective provides novel insights regarding the cognitive aspects of diagnostic radiology and a novel framework for understanding how diagnostic errors arise in this process. Some of the findings of this research may have applications for diagnostic praxis in general, that is, beyond radiology diagnostics.

The aim of this study is to furnish a reliable theoretical overview on metacognitive awareness. This research is carried out to (1) familiarize the researchers with the definition, components and sub-components of metacognitive awareness (2) discuss a brief outline of metacognitive awareness along with its origin and essence from the point of view of its historical development (3) link metacognitive awareness to a number of other constructs, including motivation (4) illustrate the features of self-regulated students and their recruited metacognitive strategies and (5) briefly examine the major challenges in the implementation of metacognitive awareness. In conclusion, this research reveals that the analysis of metacognitive awareness and its components gives rise to a new notion of auto-noetic (self) knowledge of learners through planning, monitoring and reflectively evaluating task performance, and creates higher levels of self-efficacy which provides students with different educational contexts in which they are able to have more self-confidence, get more positive feedback both from an instructor and classmates and cultivate in learners more self-regulatory characteristics that enable them to learn autonomously, be completely equipped with motivation and be welcoming to challenges. The study provides benefits to both learners and educators. Learners can receive guidance on how to foster metacognitive awareness for being more competent learners. Furthermore, it provides meaningful insights for curriculum developers to provide metacognitive awareness-based curricula.

Objective: The research is to analyse the theoretical leadership assessment assumptions, to determine the compatibility of managers’ assessment by choosing to implement the quality management system EQUASS (The European Quality in Social Services) in a social service organization. Methodology: Research Methods are based on researchers’ insights, applying scientific literature analysis and synthesis methods, discussing leadership styles and leadership factors, questioning survey leaders’ opinions on participation in implementing quality management system in EQUASS, taking into account leadership style and leadership factors. Findings: The empirical study identified a correlation analysis between leaders’ aspirations to participate in the project Improving the Quality of Social Services through EQUASS and the leadership style of these leaders in relation to leadership expression factors. The results of the pilot study have shown that the strongest inspirational motivation factor is judged by the senior manager, senior managers with a high managerial experience, and the result-oriented award-winning factor. Value Added: The attitude of leaders in implementing a quality management system in an organization providing social services, taking into account the style and factors of leadership. Appropriate and effective leadership of the manager can lead to successful employee performance by implementing quality services and helping employees overcome difficulties in an organizational environment by implementing a quality management system. Recommendations: In social service organizations, leadership has its own specificity, because the management’s work is based on the principles of social work focused on satisfying the needs of the service user and aspects of integration into society and modern management principles. Successful leadership is achieved by adapting leadership style to the needs of employees and users, taking into account the circumstances. Leadership style is particularly important in influencing the activities of the members of the organization, the efficiency of their work, creating the right conditions for education and cooperation.