IBSS

One of the unavoidable consequences of wars and other conflicts is the resulting flow of refugees who flee for a variety of reasons: risk of persecution, threats to the civilian population, the general situation of instability and despair, and others. World War II (WWII) resulted in some 60 million refugees in Europe. The consequences of Russian aggression in Ukraine have beaten the records of refugee flows since WWII with almost eight million refugees from Ukraine seeking protection in Europe as of the end of January 2023 and around six million internally displaced persons within Ukraine. This chapter aims to dwell on the legal protection of refugees back in the 1940s and now, some 80 years later, by analysing the availability, scope and approach to legal protection in these two important historical periods. Refugees from the Baltic States in the 1940s are considered as a case study in the chapter along with the contemporary flow of Ukrainians in Europe. There is little research on the legal protection of Baltic refugees from WWII, while the Ukrainian refugee flow and the protection solution applied is relatively new, which means that analysis of the approach to their legal status is relevant from the legal research and history of law point of view.

Global Business Services Center is modern, constantly developing, agile and value-driven business organisation form, which is well-known and appreciable in business community. However, it is still not so well known in the scientific community. This scientific paper contributes to improvement of scientific exploration level of Global Business Services Centers as economic phenomenon, reviews the limitations encountered by scientists, who aim to evaluate the economic outcomes of Global Business Services Centers, and presents the model for comprehensive evaluation of these macroeconomic outcomes taking into consideration the multiplier effect.

Cases, where operations of legal entities entail unfair income through the malpractice of improving financial reports, are quite frequent. Such behaviour is unacceptable and deserves a stern response from the state, not only against persons involved in illegal ac- tivities but also against particular legal entities resorting to such behaviour. The purpose of this article is to analyse the elements of corporate criminal liability in the legislation of Lithuania. The article investigates the fundamentals of corporate criminal liability with the major focus on the problems of distinction and applicability of relevant elements of the latter. The analysis emphasizes the assurance of the inevitability of corporate criminal liability. The article also discusses the method of criminalizing the liability of legal entities, chosen by the Lithuanian legislator, according to which criminal liability can arise only for a limited scope of criminal offences. Presumably, the current legal regulation enables an unreasonable avoidance of criminal liability in cases where the criminal offence falls outside the aforementioned limited scope, even though it was committed to gain a ma- terial advantage over the affected party. The article also addresses the guilt of legal entities. In this regard, the article criticizes the approach of the Supreme Court of Lithuania for its evident limitation of corporate criminal liability, especially in the context of large corpor- ations owned by many shareholders. As a possible solution, it was proposed to lay crim- inal responsibility on corporate governance bodies instead of the shareholders.

In order to forecast stock prices based on economic indicators, many studies have been conducted using well-known statistical methods. Meanwhile, since ~2010 as the power of computers improved, new methods of machine learning began to be used. It would be interesting to know how those algorithms using a variety of mathematical and statistical methods, are able to predict the stock market. The purpose of this article is to model the monthly price of the S&P 500 index based on U.S. economic indicators using statistical, machine learning, deep learning approaches and finally compare metrics of those models. After the selection of indicators according to the data visualization, multicollinearity tests, statistical significance tests, 3 out of 27 indicators remained. The main finding of the research is that the authors improved the baseline statistical linear regression model by 19 percent using a ML Random Forest algorithm. In this way, model achieved accuracy 97.68 % of prediction S&P 500 index.

Republic of Lithuania Materials on International Law 2017 (RLMIL2017) are drafted and classified pursuant to Recommendation (97)11 of 12 June 1997 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. 2. For the ease of reading a number of abbreviations are used in RLMIL2017, namely ECHR – Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950; ECtHR – ECtHR; Seimas – Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania; Government – Government of the Republic of Lithuania. Unless explicitly provided for otherwise, references to cases or decisions in RLMIL2017 are references to acts of national courts and institutions. Cases decided by national courts referred to herein are available in Lithuanian free of charge at the following websites: www.lat.lt (Case-law of the Supreme Court), www.lvat.lt (Case-law of the Supreme Administrative Court). Most of the case-law of the Constitutional Court is available on its website http://www.lrkt.lt/index_e.html. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights is available through the website http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/. Bilateral agreements of Lithuania are mostly available in Lithuanian at the following website: www.lrs.lt. Universal and regional international instruments mentioned in RLMIL2017 do not bear any reference to their source, as may be easily accessed from various pages on the internet. Due to limited scope, the RLMIL2017 does not reproduce entire texts, therefore certain information is omitted and marked as […]. 3. RLMIL2017 consists mainly from translations of texts made by the authors; therefore, translations shall not be regarded as official and shall be used for information purposes only. Documents the translations of which are provided by national institutions and are available in English on the internet are attached with a particular link. 4. A rather technical remark shall be made in regard to ratifications of Seimas and approvals of Government, noted in Appendix hereto, meaning expression of consent to be bound under national law, rather than meaning of international act, attributed to the notion “ratification” in the Article 2 part 1(b) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969.