Pasvenskienė, Aušrinė

Prioritetinis atliekų tvarkymo tikslas yra siekti, kad atliekų susidarytų kuo mažiau, o perdirbtas atliekas panaudoti pakartotinai įvairiuose gamybos cikluose. Susidarantis atliekų kiekis priklauso nuo įvairiausių veiksnių, tame tarpe ekonominio aktyvumo, demografinių pokyčių, technologinių inovacijų, gyvenimo būdo, gamybos bei vartojimo specifikos. Atliekų prevencija yra laikoma svarbiu strateginiu kiekvienos šalies narės uždaviniu siekiant užtikrinti tvarų ir konkurencingą augimą ateityje. ES valstybės narės yra skatinamos dalintis savo patirtimi ir gerąja praktika atliekų prevencijos srityje tam, kad sprendimai bei iniciatyvos, kurių pagrindu buvo gauti reikšmingi rezultatai, būtų įgyvendintos ir kitose valstybėse. Todėl yra tikimasi, kad valstybių narių tarpusavio bendradarbiavimas rengiant atliekų prevencijos programas, atneš reikšmingų rezultatų. Straipsnyje pristatoma kai kurių ES valstybių narių patirtis atliekų prevencijos srityje bei Lietuvos atliekų prevencijos teisinio reguliavimo analizė.

Academic freedom is the constitutional right to freely decide whether to engage in science and research, including the right to freely choose the sphere of scientific research and methods of investigating particular subjects, to form scientific world-view. One of the main principles is the ability to generate new knowledge through research and inquiry without any restrictions. Scholars must be free to choose specific research area and this may help ensure that students get the most current knowledge. The article analyses restrictions that may be imposed, their justification and limitations on the publication of research results and raises the question what should be the balance between the openness of scientific research and the needs of national security? Freedom of research should be restricted when the benefit is unlikely to the human kind, or when the significant harm is highly likely on the influence of dangerous knowledge or a dangerous way of gaining knowledge; also the misuse of biology and medicine which may lead to acts endangering human dignity; also terrorism which may highly impact public security. In all other cases, research is to be regarded as a public good necessary for creation of knowledge and a better and healthier society and must be defended and protected.

The amount of waste generated depends on many variuos factors. These include levels of economic activity, demographic changes, technological innovations, life-style and patterns of production and consumption. For this reason waste prevention targets are not effective if used in isolation from products and resource policy. Waste prevention is an important strategic activity for every Member State to ensure sustainable, competitive growth into the future. Member States are required to draw up waste prevention programmes, based on best practice. It is anticipated that cooperation between Member States with their waste prevention programmes will result in useful results. Cooperation to create effective promotion of waste prevention opportunities available to all organisations and households is essential. The widespread adoption of resource efficiency has potential to reduce waste arising and contribute to the sustainable production and consumption agendas.

Market abuse consists of insider dealing and market manipulation. The objective of legislation against insider dealing is the same as that of legislation against market manipulation: to ensure the integrity of financial markets and to enhance investor confidence by promoting high standards of transparency in financial markets. The European Union recognizes the importance of insider trading prohibitions with the aim of protecting investor confidence in the market and ensuring the proper functioning of that market. The EU law forbids acquiring economic benefits and advantages to persons that possess inside information as an insider. This paper gives a brief overview of the legislation regulating insider trading in Lithuania, including different approaches to whether insider trading requires regulation at all. The paper also deals with an analysis of insider trading definition; analysis of the natural and legal persons who can be defined as insiders and major components of the definition of inside information.

In many European countries, the market for gambling has grown quite significantly in the last decade. This has mainly been online gambling and the resulting opportunity to play internationally. In Lithuania, online gambling is prohibited; however, it is rapidly gaining popularity and is available for Lithuanian players. Thus, it is clear that gambling services in Lithuania are not regulated enough. In the first part of the article, a brief overview of the legislation regulating gambling activities in Lithuania is given. The second part of the article deals with an analysis of the access of Lithuanian players to online gambling; attention is drawn to the problem of taxation—international online gambling companies do not pay taxes to the Lithuanian budget. The second part also includes a discussion of online gambling regulatory alternatives, their positive and negative aspects. In the third part of the article, the author analyses how online gambling activity is regulated in other European Union (EU) countries. The author notes that the gaming market regulatory framework differs among the EU Member States. Attention is drawn to the fact that gambling throughout the EU is regulated at the national level and not by the European Community legislation. The fourth part of the article summarizes the case-law of the European Court of Justice on online gambling restrictions in individual countries. The European Court of Justice has examined a number of cases in which the legality of gambling restrictions was questioned. Upon entering the EU, the Member States agree to provide free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within the EU Member States, but, as the European Court of Justice has ruled, the Member States may restrict cross-border gambling activity provisions in their country. Thus, in this section, the author analyses the grounds on which such restrictions must be justified.

Lietuvoje vedybų sutartys yra dar gana retas reiškinys. Pagal Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso (LR CK) 3.108 straipsnio 2 dalį, „[s]utuoktinio reikalavimu teismas vedybų sutartį gali pripažinti visiškai ar iš dalies negaliojančia, jeigu sutartis iš esmės pažeidžia sutuoktinių lygiateisiškumo principą ir vienam iš sutuoktinių yra labai nepalanki“ . Straipsnyje analizuojami kriterijai ir principai, kurie turėtų būti taikomi sprendžiant vedybų sutarties galiojimo klausimą remiantis minėta norma. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje trumpai aptariama vedybų sutarčių instituto raida. Antroje straipsnio dalyje remiantis JAV patirtimi analizuojami specialieji vedybų sutarčių galiojimo pagrindai, atkreipiamas dėmesys, kad, priešingai nei Lietuvoje, vertinant vedybų sutarties negaliojimą, JAV yra analizuojamos sąlygos bei aplinkybės ne tik sutarties sudarymo momentu, bet ir santuokos nutraukimo momentu. Tačiau nors LR CK normos, reglamentuojančios vedybų sutarčių galiojimą, nenumato galimybės pripažinti sutartį negaliojančia pasikeitus aplinkybėms, tačiau vykdyti sutartinius įsipareigojimus pasikeitus aplinkybėms yra įtvirtinta LR CK 6.204 straipsnyje, numatančiame galimybę nutraukti sutartį arba pakeisti jos sąlygas, jei vienai iš šalių sutartį įvykdyti tampa sudėtingiau. Šioje dalyje aptariamos vedybų sutarties šalių lygiateisiškumo pažeidimo, esminės šalių nelygybės bei pasikeitusių aplinkybių pasikeitimo problemos, akcentuojamas reikalavimas vedybų sutarties šalims pateikti visą informaciją apie savo turtinę padėtį. Trečioje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjama teisingumo bei sąžiningumo ir sutarties laisvės principų kolizija. Remdamosi tyrimu autorės pateikia vedybų sutarčių galiojimo teisinio vertinimo testą.