Pirmasis naujųjų laikų žmogus viduramžių mąstyme - Petras Abelaras

The philosopher and theologian Pierre Abėlard (1079-1142) was the first medieval thinker to expose human subjectivity as material for contemplation and the foundation for knowledge acquisition. According to M. D. Chenu, this way Abėlard awakened medieval consciousness. He contributed considerably to metaphysics, logic and ethics. He took an active part in the famous discussion concerning universals, enriching it by several questions: what is there in things which enables us to give them common names; if there are no actually existing universals, what do common names designate; if the things signified by universals cease to exist, would their names still mean the notion we have of these things; etc? He gave a new basis to ethics by valuing intentions more than the results. An intention which itself is good can have as its effect a deed bad in itself, or inversely; but the moral act which a good intention dictates is always a good act, just as the one a bad intention dictates is always bad*. But his most controversial achievement was bringing dialectics into theology in order to check the dogmas of the Church.