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Crime prevention and criminological theory
Landahl, Marten | Crime Prevention Planning Inc |
Date Issued |
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1999 |
The aim of most criminological theories (like the theories of most of the social sciences) is to explain and/or predict (e.g. criminality or criminal events) by the use of a few key indicators. These theories are, of course, scientifically important and help us to develop our thinking about crime. Among the many criminological theories that are, or have been, popular in recent years are social (earning, disorganization, control, self-control, rational choice, routine activity, lifestyle, labeling, rationalization theory. For the practitioner (e.g. administrator, CP-coordinator), however, these theories are of a limited value. Since individual theories reflect only a fraction of the reality the practitioner encounters in everyday life, and even the experts canât agree about what to do, why bother with a theory? This paper is an attempt to present a framework where key concepts of important theories have been brought together in a model to facilitate the understanding of how theoretical concepts can be organized to form a coherent framework. In this framework, various crime prevention activities, their chains of Implementation and their consequences can be analyzed and better understood by practitioners. The merits, drawbacks and prospects of the situational and social crime prevention strategies are then discussed with reference to the work of the Brantinghams and Ekbloms "Proximal Circumstances" article.
Daugumos kriminologijos teorijų (kaip ir kitų socialiniu mokslų teorijų) tikslas - remiantis keliais esminiais rodikliais paaiÅ¡kinti ir/arba nuspÄti nusikalstamumo tendencijas ir paÄius nusikaltimus. Å ios teorijos, be abejonÄs, labai svarbios, kadangi jos padeda geriau suvokti nusikalstamumo reiÅ¡kinį. Pastaraisiais metais populiariausios yra kriminologijos, socialinio mokslo, deorganizavimo, kontrolÄs, savikontrolÄs, racionalaus pasirinkimo, kasdienÄs veiklos, gyvenimo bÅ«do, racionalizacijos teorijos. TaÄiau praktikui (pvz., administratoriui, nusikalstamumo prevencijos koordinatoriui) Å¡ios teorijos nÄra labai vertingos. IÅ¡ tiesų, kam reikalinga teorija, jeigu individualÅ«s poÅŸiÅ«riai teatspindi maÅŸÄ dali tikrovÄs, su kuria kasdien susiduria praktikas, ir netgi ekspertai nesutaria dÄl kovos su nusikaltimais strategijos. Siame straipsnyje bandoma pateikti pagrindines visų teorijų sÄ vokas. Jis padÄs praktikams susieti atskiras nusikaltimų prevencijos veiklas, jų įgyvendinimo bÅ«dus ir iÅ¡analizuoti bei geriau suvokti galimus padarinius. SituacinÄs prevencijos ir socialinÄs nusikalstamumo prevencijos strategijų pranaÅ¡umai, trÅ«kumai ir perspektyvos aptariami analizuojant Brantinghamso ir Ekblotnso straipsnį "Lemiamos aplinkybÄs".