Civilinio proceso vienodinimas ir iššūkiai Europos Sąjungoje
| Date |
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2018 |
Europos Sąjungos civilinio proceso teisė, nors turėjo galimybių vystytis nuo pat Europos Ekonominės Bendrijos sukūrimo, savo plėtros pagreitį įgavo Europos Sąjungai suteikus kompetenciją civilinio proceso klausimus reglamentuoti antriniais ES teisės aktais. Nors šioje srityje priimta nemažai instrumentų, vis dėlto dėl riboto jų taikymo (tik tarpvalstybinėms situacijoms) jie pasitelkiami retai, taigi neužtikrina visų ES piliečių teisių apsaugos. Susiklosčiusi situacija, kai tą patį klausimą reglamentuoja tiek nacionalinė, tiek ES teisė, taip pat neleidžia visų teisingumui vykdyti skirtų išteklių panaudoti tinkamai ir veiksmingai. Atlikus tyrimą siūloma plėsti taikomo ES reglamentavimo civiliniame procese sritį ir taikyti bendras taisykles sprendžiant tiek nacionalinius, tiek tarptautinius ginčus.
The creation of the European civil procedure rules could have started from the beginning of the European Economic Community, since the Article 220 of the Treaty of Rome (1958) established that Member States shall enter into negotiations with each other with the view to securing simplification of formalities governing the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts or tribunals and of arbitration awards. The first milestone in this area was the Brussels Convention, which entered into force in 1973 and successfully governed the area of recognition and enforcement of judgments across the European Union. The special feature of the Brussels Convention is the mechanism of enforcement, which was granted to it by the decision of the Member States to grant the power to interpret the Brussels Convention for the European Court of Justice. The Brussels Convention became the secondary EU legislation and it continued its existence as Brussels I regulation from 2001 onwards (with a new version issued in 2012). The competence of the European Economic Community countries to collaborate within the area of justice and security using international conventions as a tool became common in 1992, when the Treaty European Union came into force. However, this area of legislation became appealing only when the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force and enabled the primary and secondary legislation in the area of justice. After the Tampere conclusions were announced in 1999, the legislation in the civil procedure area became intensive. Meantime, all the legislation in the area of the European civil procedure has been based on the Article 81 of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union and it can be described classifying it into the following four categories: yy Rules, governing the jurisdiction of the courts, as well as recognition and enforcement of court decisions in civil and commercial matters, as well as in parental matters. yy Civil procedure matters, which serve in preparation of civil cases, such as: service of judicial and extrajudicial documents, cooperation in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters. yy The creation of separate proceedings: Order for payment procedure, European Small Claims procedure, the European Enforcement Order as well as the European Account Preservation Order procedure. yy The unified regulation of certain legal institutes: insolvency proceedings, rules to improve access to justice in cross-border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes as well as unified rules on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters. [...]