Kai kurie dvaro teisės ir jos koncepcijos bruožai Lietuvoje
Mykolo Romerio universitetas |
| Date |
|---|
2012 |
Dvarų teisė Vakaruose pradėjo formuotis nuo XI amžiaus dvaro papročiui transformuojantis į rašytinę dvaro teisę1. Lietuvoje dvaro teisės formavimosi pradžia sietina su procesais, prasidėjusiais kaime po 1557 m. Valakų reformos, kai pagilėjo baudžiava, o santykiai tarp dvaro ir baudžiavinių valstiečių ėmė įgauti griežtesnį norminį apibrėžtumą. Straipsnyje pristatoma Lietuvoje plėtota dvaro teisė kaip santykinai savarankiška teisės sistema ir jos koncepcija, nurodant pagrindus, dėl kurių dvaro kuriamos elgesio taisyklės laikytinos teisės normomis, taip pat dvaro teisės šaltinius, išreiškimo formas, atskleidžiama jos istorinė misija, kuri autoriaus laikoma svarbesne už valstybės statutinės teisės sistemą. Kartu pabrėžiama dvaro teisės principinio santykio su statutine teise svarba dvaro kuriamų elgesio taisyklių teisiškumui susiformuoti.
The Estate Rights were defined as a system embracing the relations of obligatory conduct designed by the estate owner or his authorised institutions or officials. They were meant to maintain the order within the estate, to guarantee and realise the norms of different cultural initiatives as well. Being mostly ad hoc in their form, the Estate Regulations served both the private and public interest. The Estate Rights in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries in Lithuania were practiced alongside with other existing legal systems, i.e. the Statute Law, Towns and Canon laws, etc. They all reflected the autonomous state of different law subjects and regulated their relations emerging within. At the same time, the estate rules emphasised their relationship with the Statute Law and importance of legality when formulating their own local regulations. The author presumes that the historical mission of the Estate Rules was more important than the Statute Law for the following two reasons: (1) the estate rules regulated the conduct of the majority of the population (in 1971, 64% of the population lived on estates) and (2) estate rules were carried into effect more consistently and accurately. It was guaranteed by a huge number of estate administration personnel who had the right to immediately apply the local force apparatus measures in respect of the violator. The Statute Law was applied to a rather limited layer of the population (the nobility amounted to only 5 or 6% of the country’s population) . Due to the widespread lawlessness of the nobility and the weak administrative power the State Law was seldom applied. Thanks to its daily labor and obedience, the majority of the population absorbed the destructive effect of the nobility on the state.