J-Gate

Contemporary hybrid threats employ coordinated campaigns across information, cyber, and physical domains, maintaining plausible deniability while exploiting institutional vulnerabilities. This review conducts a scoping analysis following the PRISMA ScR framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Extension for Scoping Reviews) to evaluate Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), Social Media Intelligence (SOCMINT), and Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities relevant to hybrid threat detection. We systematically assess these technologies against a 12-point operational requirements framework derived from documented Russian and Chinese military OSINT methodologies and influence operation tradecraft. The analysis incorporates high-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) European initiatives to ground capability assessments in operational experience. While individual analytical disciplines are technically advanced, current defensive systems remain siloed and lack the cross-domain reasoning necessary to correlate technical cyber indicators with coordinated narrative manipulation. Requirements for cross-platform correlation and adversarial adaptation show only prototype stage coverage. Our findings reveal a persistent “semantic gap”: defensive systems collect extensive data but lack integrated semantic reasoning across domains and languages. To address this, we examine ontology-based approaches as architectural solutions, positioning the ‘Hybrid Information Psychological Societal Threats handling system’ (HIPSTer) framework as an illustrative case. HIPSTer specifically targets the multilingual nature of hybrid threats—particularly in Russian and Chinese contexts—achieving TRL-4 validation through high-efficiency semantic vectors and formal reasoning across diverse language benchmarks. Finally, the review analyzes how European regulations—including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), AI Act, and Network and Information Systems Directive 2 (NIS2)—shape operational architectures through compliance by design imperatives. We conclude by outlining a prioritized research agenda to advance European hybrid threat detection toward operational maturity.

This study examines the role of legal norms in fostering innovation for sustainable development (SD). The focus of this study is on a comparative emphasis on the European Union (EU) and Ukraine. It analyzes how regulatory designs enable or constrain eco-innovation and evaluates the potential of Ukraine to harmonize its framework with EU standards in the context of post-2022 reconstruction and EU accession. The main sources of the research are the EU green deal and regulation (EU) 2021/2085, and the laws of the country regarding innovation and sustainable energy in Ukraine. The secondary data is borrowed through organizations such as OECD, UNDP, and the World Bank, and also the European Patent Office. The outcome reveals that there is a great variation between the two regions under investigation. More than 70 percent of the difference in innovation performance (measured by patent applications, research and development expenditure, global innovation index rankings, and so on) can be associated with the cohesive and enforceable legal system of the EU, which is supported by programs such as Horizon Europe, whereas Ukraine is only 43%. In the study, bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption have been noted to be the biggest impediments to the implementation of eco-innovation in Ukraine. The results of this research confirm that the Porter hypothesis applies to the EU, where strong environmental regulation can help to increase innovation; however, they also indicate the weakness of this theory in a transitional economy, where the enforcement capacity is low. Nevertheless, the latest events in Ukraine can promise new perspectives on green reconstruction and eco innovation. The policy suggestions include the fact that Ukraine should modernize the law, incorporate the sustainable development goals, and employ EU-style investment facilitation schemes. These actions might assist in the empowerment of the innovation ecosystem in Ukraine and fast-track its integration with the EU, finally leading to the SD agenda.

This article investigates the integration of multimodal approaches, conceptualized as interactive learning systems, for developing linguistic competence crucial for effective engagement with contemporary digital information sources and services. Examining language as a dynamic system of signs within a digitally saturated environment, it is argued that a multimodal framework—which thoughtfully combines visual, auditory, and textual elements delivered via information technologies—can significantly enhance users' understanding and proficiency in processing complex information. The study analyzes effective pedagogical strategies that leverage multimodal resources and interactive digital platforms to facilitate deeper engagement with linguistic concepts, thereby improving the ability to interpret and create multimodal digital content. Through a comprehensive empirical assessment involving pre/post-tests, surveys, case studies, and focus groups within an English philology context, the advantages of multimodal learning environments (as information systems) in fostering critical linguistic skills (syntax, semantics, pragmatics) are underscored. These skills are foundational for advanced digital information literacy. The findings indicate statistically significant improvements in linguistic components and user engagement when multimodal strategies are employed. The implications of these approaches for designing effective educational information systems and training users to critically navigate a rapidly evolving multimodal information landscape are discussed. This research contributes to the discourse on innovative methodologies for developing information competence, advocating for a comprehensive approach that reflects the intricacies of contemporary digital information use and design.

This study analyzes the effects of augmented reality technology on teaching English as a second language. The article indicates that AR helps classroom teaching and enhances academic results. AR technology enables language tutors to blend time-tested teaching approaches with interactive activities. The research evaluates AR applications; it analyzes how vocabulary development programs and conversation practice interfaces function when integrated with realistic language simulation systems. AR technology in classrooms fosters teachers to develop adaptable learning experiences that support all learning preferences while removing language proficiency barriers for students. Research reveals that augmented reality boosts student motivation while simultaneously enhancing cognitive development and knowledge retention. Learners show substantial improvements in vocabulary cognition, writing, and listening comprehension abilities. The learning process helps students to develop better group collaboration abilities when they receive feedback right away. Augmented reality transforms English language learning into a customized experience that aligns with the digital age. Successful application of AR requires addressing practical concerns with pedagogical and logistical barriers.

The article examines, at the theoretical level, the self-governance of mediators, assessing the question of the sufficiency of its legal regulation. The aim of this article is to assess the legal and practical issues related to the self-governance of mediators, and the legal and/or organizational, administrational problems that may arise from this. The assessment was carried out by analysing three key aspects: providing an overview of the situation of mediators' self-governance in Lithuania, analysing the factors that may have a negative impact on the institution of mediators' self-governance, and identifying the legal basis for the functioning of mediators' self-governance representatives in joint entities, their sufficiency and factors for their development. The article reveals the concept of mediators ’ self-governance, examines the structure of self-governance, the relationship between the different organisations and their members, and the role they play in shaping mediation policy. For this reason, the article uses in parallel theoretical, legal and practical evaluative criteria, such as the structure of self-governance, the distribution of competences of the bodies of self-governance, as well as the practical activities of the mediators’ self-governance bodies/representatives (defined and/or implied) and their influence on the mediators. Furthermore, the article looks at the profession of mediation and the duality of its members’ membership in the mediators’ self-governance in relation to their other classical legal professions and the resulting membership of other self-governance bodies, which creates potential legal and practical problems. It draws conclusions on the sufficiency and effectiveness of the legal regulation and current practical functioning of the organisational system of mediators’ self-governance in Lithuania and on the status of the organisational framework of mediators’ self-governance.

The applicability of AI in everyday life, including professional life, is not just a theoretical paradigm. Artificial intelligence can now be used both as a tool to help professionals in their work and as an autonomous tool that can make its own decisions, provide answers to questions, create videos, presentations, etc. without human help. The aim of this article is to assess the legal framework and the problematic aspects that may arise in relation to the practical use of artificial intelligence in mediation and the legal and/or ethical problems that may arise from this. The assessment was carried out by analysing three key aspects: the concept/definition of artificial intelligence, the possible use of artificial intelligence in mediation, and the aspects of legal liability and the ethical criterion in the event that a mediation process fails or causes damage to the participants or otherwise undermines the process due to the use of artificial intelligence. The methods used in the preparation of article are data analysis, comparative, linguistic, systematic, logical and generalisation. The data analysis showed that the concept of what constitutes artificial intelligence varies from one source to another, which may also lead to differences in the assessment of its applicability in practice (including in mediation). However, the differences between AI, particularly the criterion of AI’s autonomy, allow us to assess its potential applicability in mediation. In this context, a parallel assessment should be made of the regulatory aspect of the liability of the mediator who has used artificial intelligence in the mediation process, in addition to the moral aspect linked to the client’s expectation of a confidential and professional mediation process.

This article argues that the general location of the registered office of a company without a physical business address in a Member State, accompanied by a digital business address, should qualify a corporate seat as “virtual”. Moreover, the concept of the virtual corporate seat should essentially be seen as a modernized version of the model developed under the substantive company law of some Member States when two separate concepts – the general location of the company’s registered office in that Member State and the domestic business address – are used to determine a fully fledged notion of the corporate seat. The article further addresses the key functions that the virtual corporate seat should perform on an EU-wide, cross-border basis that are typically delivered by the traditional (physical) registered office. It also considers the major challenges that lie ahead of the innovative concept of the virtual corporate seat, chief among which is ensuring proper communication with the company while maintaining a virtual corporate seat.686.

Inner Mongolia is located in China’s arid and semi-arid regions, with sensitive and fragile ecosystems at risk of increased desertification, necessitating ecological restoration. However, economic resources for large-scale ecological restoration are often scarce, so it is vital to identify key areas for ecological restoration. Previous desertification research has focused mainly on the condition and changes in soil or vegetation. However, not all changes in soil or vegetation directly impact humans. New perspectives are increasingly needed to bridge the gap between biophysical and human well-being. We construct a framework to identify priority restoration areas based on ecosystem services and ecosystem vulnerability over a long time series. The results show that: (1) soil conservation services in northeast and southwest Inner Mongolia have degraded. Sand fixation services in central and eastern Inner Mongolia have shown a degradation trend. Habitat quality has been generally stable and sporadic in the past 20 years. (2) The areas with higher ecosystem vulnerability are concentrated in the northeast, mainly due to higher climate exposure and climate sensitivity but relatively lower climate resilience in the northeast. (3) Compared with the results of ecological restoration areas identified based on the trends of traditional vegetation indicators (fractional vegetation cover and net primary productivity), we found a greater proportion of land in northeastern Inner Mongolia in need of restoration. Additionally, there was identified a decreased restoration proportion in southwestern Inner Mongolia to ensure the self-restoration and regulation of desert ecosystems, which is conducive to realizing nature-based solutions.

This article focuses on the importance of the right to effective participation of children in conflict with the law in criminal (youth justice) proceedings. In particular, it explores two procedural aspects which are closely related to the right to child-friendly legal aid and the role of individual assessment. The authors claim that qualitatively identifying the needs of the child (through the instrument of individual assessment) and establishing a relationship of trust with a specifically trained legal aid lawyer is critical in raising the child’s status to that of an active participant in the proceedings and ensuring that the best interests of the child are observed. The authors also suggest that such an initial encounter within the justice system forms an attitude (of either confidence or rejection) of the child towards public institutions and, accordingly, directly affects the effectiveness of further interventions. To support their position, the authors of the paper bring several examples from the comparative research carried out in two European projects, noting, regretfully, that the initial interventions often suffer from formal implementation and lack a systemic approach.

The goal of the current study is to highlight the factors that could affect retail food prices and develop an econometrical model for estimating the level of the impact of the identified factors. The research covers the period from 2016 to 2018. Multiple regression modelling is used for model creation. The outcomes mad available evidence that the factors most affecting the prices are the monthly average price of food product and yield of the agricultural subsector providing main stock for the food product. The current research contributes to the scientific literature by showing that retail food prices could be estimated for the short-term period. The limitation of the research is that the developed econometric models are adequate for the Lithuanian market and ought to be modified if applied in other markets.