CEJSH

Following the 1772 partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, John Lind, Simon Linguet, and Louis-Antoine de Caraccioli took up the pen to defend its cause. By appealing to the reason and feelings of their readers in the face of the tragic events that had befallen the Republic, these essayists helped to sensitise European public opinion to its fate. The aim of our study is to define how the stupor caused by this first division contributed to the emergence of a common European consciousness. In this way, we hope to contribute to a better knowledge of the reception given by 18th-century public opinion to the dismemberment of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic.

Szkoła daje możliwość przekazywania określonych wartości, tradycji i podtrzymywania tożsamości. Jest więc jednym z głównych narzędzi mniejszości umożliwiających jej przetrwanie. Szkolnictwo funkcjonujące w środowisku zróżnicowanym kulturowo jest poddawane wzmożonym oddziaływaniom. Pierwsze z nich związane są z uwarunkowania społecznymi, drugie z politycznymi – przy czym należy podkreślić, że również wpływy społeczne nie są pozbawione nasycenia oddziaływaniami politycznymi. W sytuacji szkolnictwa realizowanego dla mniejszości narodowej nie bez znaczenia jest również to, jaka grupa mniejszościowa jest brana pod uwagę i jakie są uwarunkowania sytuacji mniejszości w danym kraju (w tym mające swoje źródło w historii, zaszłościach trudnych do wyjaśnienia, a jednak rzutujących na jakość relacji między grupą większościową a mniejszością). Trudno zatem rozpatrywać kwestie dotyczące oświaty poza granicami kraju w oderwaniu od konkretnych przykładów. Przygotowany artykuł dotyczy sytuacji szkół polskich w Litwie. W artykule prezentujemy wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w roku szkolnym 2024/2025 wśród tegorocznych maturzystów. Wyniki badań to jednocześnie kontekst do szerszego opisu sytuacji szkolnictwa polskiego w Litwie.

The purpose of this article is to introduce the Erasmus+ project Learning from Europe-an Lives (LEuLiv). This project is unique in its partnerships (Germany, Poland, Slovenia and Lithuania), the combination of diversity and synergy in the project’s concept and the fact that it encompasses four dimensions of biographical learning: the personal, inter-personal, social/societal and transcultural. Students from a variety of different academic and professional backgrounds in the partnership countries will learn the the-oretical basis of biographical exploration with a focus on autobiographical memories as a resource in the present and conduct an interview with an older person (aged 60 or older). Project results include the creation of teaching manuals and innovative learn-ing programs as well as a multi-lingual, multicultural biographical databank with 80 plus interviews to be used by the participating partners for future research and course development.

This paper discloses the situation, specifics, tendencies, and limitations of employers’ adjustment to employee financial participation (sharing shares) in companies in Lithuania. Three main tools are analyzed: the issuance of employee shares (known since 1990); a share granting (effective since 2018); and employee stock options. The empirical part of the paper is based on interviews conducted in 2019 and repeated in 2022–2023 with expert lawyers from Lithuanian law firms, alongside a survey of Lithuanian companies. The following aspects were analyzed: employers’ knowledge of the possibilities of involving employees in company management (activities); instruments used by employers to implement employee financial participation; reasons that prevent successful employee involvement and barriers from the perspective of employees; tax-related issues; and measures that could facilitate greater employee involvement within the company. The research results show that there is a tendency that promotion via shares is becoming more popular and that business culture is slowly evolving. Employee stock options are the most used instrument, surpassing the use of statutory tools to grant shares to employees.

The article analyzes risks and opportunities that relate to applying decisionassisting tools that are based on artificial intelligence (AI) technology to the mediation process. While discussing this topic, the author suggests how to mitigate the analysed risks or optimise benefits. A brief elaboration on workable definitions of AI and the decision-assisting tool is also provided, as well as some predictions as to the future of the applicability of new technologies in mediation. Remarks are also made about whether mediation is fit to change and able to embrace new technologies.

According to our scientific doctrine, in the first half of the 20th century, four basic schools of forensic science were formed, based on the national systems (models) of forensic science of several European countries. For several decades, scientific forums have been discussing the need to bring the paradigms of national forensic science systems (models) in Europe closer together. This is a topic we have raised more than once, including at the “Forensics and Forensic Expertise: Science, Study, Practice” conferences we organize. Without going into the historical circumstances of the formation of forensic science in the modern territories of Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine, we must emphasize that they differed significantly and undoubtedly had and have an impact on the modem models of forensic science. The primary purpose of the article is to present the views of Lithuanian scientists on the issues of mutual Lithuanian-Polish-Ukrainian cooperation in the field of forensic science in the broad sense after 1990, including in the Trilateral area, and to appeal to colleagues from Central Europe for its deepening, consolidation in both scientific and didactic and practical fields. In the article, we would like to emphasize the place and importance o f these processes in academic institutions and non-governmental forensic organizations. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has put a big question mark on the project to create a common European forensic space. Today, a more realistic approach is to build a regional forensic network, based on the potential o f the countries o f the Trilateral Initiative, incorporating countries such as Ukraine and Moldova first1, and then possibly other countries in the region. We are convinced that the seeds o f a new school o f forensic science are being formed in Europe between the Eastern European and Germanic schools, which we can tentatively call the Three Seas Initiative (Intermarium) school, and that the “power plays and interests” in European geopolitics will be a stimulus to strengthen the broader forensic cooperation o f the countries in the region.

Judicial review of the legality of administrative acts is one of the most important elements of the rule of law. The institute of administrative justice began to develop in the 19th century: in 1872 The French Council of State was given a function of judicial review, the Administrative Court in Vienna (Austria-Hungary) was established in 1867, in Baden (Germany) in 1863, etc. After the First World War, administrative courts were established in several European countries. The law on the Supreme Administrative Court and its Jurisdiction in Czechoslovakia was adopted in 1918.1The Law for the Supreme Administrative Court in Poland was issued in 1922.2Administrative courts were also functioning in other countries (Latvia, Estonia). In Lithuania administrative courts were established for the first time in 1999, although up to fifteen draft laws on the Administrative Court were prepared in the interwar Lithuania. This article was written on the occasion of the centenary of the Polish administrative courts. Thus, the purpose of the article is to familiarize the readers with Lithuanian administrative courts, starting with the development of the institute of administrative justice from 1918 and ending with the perspectives of judicial review formed in that time. Therefore, the authors of the article set the following objectives: to remind of the origins of administrative justice in Lithuania from 1918 to 1940; to reveal the course of the establishment of administrative courts after the Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, briefly discussing who and on the basis of which legal acts controlled the legality of administrative acts during the Soviet era; to provide the insights of institutional evelopment as well as competence development of the administrative courts; to present contemporary administrative process, giving some insights about the status quo; to present the features of and the most relevant reforms of administrative process. Abbreviations used in the article are as follows: CSARL – Central State Archive of the Republic of Lithuania, MDWLLAS – Manuscript Department ofthe Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.

Przedstawiciele każdej mniejszości chcą, by respektowane były ich prawa w państwie, w którym mieszkają i którego są obywatelami. Problemy zwią- zane ze szkolnictwem mniejszości narodowych należą do jednych z najbardziej skomplikowanych oraz dyskusyjnych. Kontrowersje polityczne i dysputy toczone na łamach czasopism nie zawsze przekładają się na dobre relacje w zróżnicowa- nym kulturowo środowisku. Celem przygotowanego tekstu jest przedstawienie sytuacji związanej z konfliktem wokół jednej ze szkół polskich w Litwie, którego początek miał miejsce w grudniu 2021 roku, a finał nastąpił w październiku roku 2022. Naszym założeniem było zanalizowanie opisanej sytuacji z trzech perspek- tyw, przedstawianych w polskiej prasie w kontekście podejmowanych przez stronę rządową działań i ich efektów oraz samego sposobu opisu, analogiczne przed - stawienie perspektywy litewskiej oraz samych zainteresowanych (w tym dyrekcji szkoły, której dotyczyła prezentowana sytuacja). Dla lepszego zrozumienia kon- tekstu opisywanych analiz tekst rozpoczynamy od krótkiego opisu jego aktualnego stanu prawnego, sieci szkolnictwa i jej zasięgu.