SAGE

Abstract Background: Historically, pregnant patients have not been included in clinical research, as the risk of damaging the healthy development of the fetus was considered too high. This practice is changing, and the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to pregnancy research offer a wide range of solutions that are expected to help closing the knowledge gap regarding how best to treat pregnant patients with cancer. The AI tools currently available offer support in screening, diagnosing, treatment planning, and patient counselling. These AI tools, however, were not developed by clinicians or medical researchers; thus, close collaboration between clinicians and the developers of AI tools is urgently needed. Methods: Many of the questions that emerge when AI is used to better approach a pregnant patient with cancer are not technological. Instead, these questions concern value conflicts that cannot be solved by technological tools alone and where wider public debate and agreement are required. How should AI tools consider the developing fetus and its pregnant mother? Should both the pregnant person and the developing fetus be regarded as patients or research participants? What kind of relationship between the two should be incorporated into AI algorithms? This article provides an in-depth interdisciplinary analysis of the above questions and concludes with recommendations for the immediate future. Results: Key recommendations include (1) adhering to existing biomedical ethics principles of respect for patient autonomy, including the relational context; the balance of maternal and fetal beneficence; protection of the vulnerable; and reasonable resource allocation in the given circumstances; (2) when recruiting pregnant patients to research studies, focusing on building pregnant patients’ trust in clinical research and on enhancing pregnant patients’ knowledge so that they feel able to understand and adhere to clinical research requirements; (3) various AI tools can help health care professionals and researchers to plan clinical studies and to create patient- and clinician-directed educational and decision-making tools, while also making them more accessible. Conclusions: Wider cross-disciplinary debate is still needed in order to establish how AI systems and tools for cancer treatment during pregnancy and pregnancy research in general should regard pregnant patients and their developing fetuses, especially where moral status questions are concerned.

This article discusses automation from the point of view of the intersection between Aristotle and Marx. First, it was Aristotle’s notion of automatous – self-moving tools – that gave rise to the contemporary concept of automation. Marx’s historical materialism is important as it puts the ongoing process of automation into a historical perspective. The development of self-moving machines should free us from the slavery of hard work, yet the legal and political superstructure of capitalism means that the growth of automation produces new forms of precarious wage-slavery. Alasdair MacIntyre’s Aristotelian notion of practice is discussed vis-à-vis the Marxian notion of alienated labour. Given the conceptual structure – alienated labour (which prevents us from flourishing) versus non-alienated labour (as essential for human flourishing) – the article poses the question of whether we can apply this in our attempt to assess the ongoing process of automation.

This article explores the theory of exploitation which Marx sets out in Capital. It argues that Marx assumes that there are five modes of extraction of surplus value. These are associated with the following principles: (1) extended duration of the working day; (2) enhanced productivity (due to the introduction of new technology); (3) efficient organization of the process of production; (4) increased intensity of labour and (5) depressed consumption of the labourer. The article argues that Marx’s theory of exploitation is not as systematic as it could have been. For this reason it is ripe for a theoretical reconstruction. The article also discusses the views of recent commentators who have developed the idea of ‘super-exploitation’, which is taken from Marx’s writings. There is a tendency in this literature to associate this notion with the principle of depressed consumption and to argue that it is especially relevant for understanding of what is happening in the societies of the Global South. Those concerned identify this as a third mode of extracting surplus value, in addition to the principle of extended duration (absolute surplus value) and enhanced productivity (relative surplus value). The article argues that this procedure overlooks certain aspects of Marx’s theory of exploitation, especially those having to do with the efficient organization or rational administration of labour within the process of production.

The pernicious consequences of parent psychological control are well-established. Parenting style classification schemes, however, typically exclude this behavioral practice, focusing instead on demandingness and responsiveness. The present study applies a person-oriented approach to the classification of parenting styles, taking into account psychological control. Lithuanian adolescents (239 girls, 215 boys; Mage = 15.14 at the outset) completed questionnaires at annual intervals across high school, describing parent behavioral control, support, and psychological control. Longitudinal multidimensional latent class growth analysis (LCGA) yielded four parenting style categories. Two conventional groups emerged: authoritative (highest behavioral control and support, lowest psychological control) and indulgent (high support, low behavioral control, lowest psychological control). Two additional groups emerged in lieu of an authoritarian category: enmeshed (high behavioral control and psychological control, intermediate support) and affectively controlling (highest psychological control, lowest behavioral control and support). Children of authoritative parents reported favorable adjustment on a host of indicators, including behavior problems, school engagement, character, self-esteem and interpersonal caring and connection; children of affectively controlling parents reported the poorest adjustment on all variables measured.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect (via objective and subjective markers of adulthood) relations of parental trust and emerging adults’ life satisfaction in samples of Lithuanian (N ¼ 399, ages 18–25) and Japanese (N ¼ 585, ages 18–25) emerging adults. Results revealed that parental trust was associated with emerging adults’ life satisfaction both directly and indirectly via subjective markers of adulthood (i.e., self-perception of oneself as an adult) but not via objective markers of adulthood. Importantly, these associations were largely similar in both countries with a slight variation. These findings underscore the complex and important relations between parental trust and life satisfaction during emerging adulthood.

We examine the relevance of suggestive findings and assumptions about immigrant philanthropy to a diaspora from a high-income country of origin, whose members are generally highly educated and professionally employed: the Lithuanian diaspora. We investigate whether this immigrant group’s voluntary sector participation, despite these differences, may evolve similar to that of other immigrant groups studied. The study casts doubt on the generalizability of the current claims from the literature— which is largely derived from cases of immigrants migrating from the South to the North—to immigrant and diaspora groups who are highly skilled and originating from relatively more industrialized countries (North–North migration). The findings highlight the need to examine the voluntary sector participation of a greater variety of diasporas and to recognize that not all groups will behave similarly. Some of the differentiated behavior may stem from demographic characteristics specific to North–North migration.