JAV valstybinės valdžios aparato didėjimas
Savas, Emanuel Steve | Niujorko Baruch College City universitetas |
Mykolo Romerio universitetas |
Straipsnio tikslas - išnagrinėti Jungtinių Valstijų vyriausybės aparato dvdį ir jo plėtrą. Atskleidžiamos priežastys, turinčios įtakos vyriausybės aparato didėjimui, t. y. padidėjusi paslaugų paklausa, demografiniai pokyčiai, pajamų didėjimas, pajamų perskirstymas, specialių interesų tenkinimas ir kt.
By 1992, more people were working in government than in manufacturing. Three major factors have contributed to the growth of government: (1) increased demand for government services, by current and would-be service recipients; (2) increased supply of government services, by serviceproduccrs; and (3) increased inefficiency, which results in more government staffing and spending to provide the same services. The demand for government services has increased for several reasons: demographic changes in the population; income growth; income-redistribution policies; the desire to rectify societal ills, avoid risk, and promote culture; fiscal illusion; and preservation of existing programs. Whereas increased demand provides the "pull" for more government services, the desire by producers to supply more services provides a "push." It means gaining votes, budgetary imperialism, enlarging campaign staffs, the problem-finding elite, the therapeutic state, command-and-control policies, government monopolies, employee voting, demand for government jobs and overproduction. A third major factor that accounts for the growth of government is growing inefficiency: spending more money and employing more people to do the same work (overstuffing, overpaying, overbuilding). The three factors discussed in article - recipient demands, producer pressure, and inefficiency - are closed linked. Governments grow in response to public demands, in response to the desires of service producers to supply more services, and as a consequence of inefficiency. If unchecked, these factors would lead lo an unstable and uncontrollable spiral of continued growth: the bigger the government, the greater force for even bigger government. Budgets would expand, resulting in the appointment of more officials and the hiring workers. The forecast would appear ominous: sooner or later, everyone will be working lor government and government will absorb and spend all of the nation's gross domestic product.