Ratkevičienė, Valentina

A Giddens, talking about the body self-expression, appearance, dress and behavoiur, puts all those attributes to a very significant factor, expression of the "I" identity.The body is directly subordinate to the principle that own "I" needs to be constructed, and that is the way to create your identity. Our interaction with others follows from the mentioned facts as the body represents our personality to others. The famous thinker Z. Bauman argues that the body becomes like a business card and using it people present themselves to the society, where the person is seen and assessed according to it. This article analyzes how the cult of a perfect body spreads within a group of young people and how it relates to the success of the socialization process, i.e. communicating with other young people, developing their image and position in the society.

In each organization there are individual and interpersonal relationships within social groups and groups of employees within organizations, which are dependent on social-psychological climate, wages and salaried employees’ job satisfaction, and functioning effectiveness of the organization. This article explores how employees evaluate relations between the manager and themselves (vertical dimension) and interpersonal relationships among employees (horizontal dimension) as well as the main reasons of conflicts which arise in the interpersonal relationship. The study revealed that more than half of the employees surveyed evaluate their relationships with managers and other employees in an affirmative/positive way. An important reason why employees and managers (vertical dimension) emerge into conflicting relationships, is due to industrial relationships and activities. Conflicts between employees (horizontal level) are usually due to their individual characteristics.

Homelessness at present moment is the most important problem of poverty and social exclusion. Homelessness is relevant worldwide, and reduction or abolition of homelessness is the most important social policy agenda of all countries in the world. The number of homeless people in the world is growing. So, in Lithuania and EU, problems of homelessness are solved not effectively enough. In recent years, Europe has developed a few national, regional and local strategies, different programs with clear goals to eliminate problem of homelessness. Lithuania and other EU countries are developing strategies and programs to reduce poverty and homelessness. However in our country, in Europe and around the world, more and more people live in poverty and are homeless. We can assume that for various reasons (obsolete political agenda, difficult economic situation in the countries, etc.), these strategies are not carried out in full, so the problem of poverty and homelessness is not solved effectively. We think that there is a variety of internal and external factors that explain this paradox. First of all, definition of the homeless is problematic - whom should we call as – a homeless person? Further, it is difficult to determine number of homeless people and scope of the problem. Complicated political situation in some countries, ongoing global economic crisis, increasing social differentiation, and others factors contribute to the growth of poverty and homelessness. Therefore, the plans of EU to reduce the huge number of poor and homeless people in the near future seem to be unrealistic at this point.

Homeless children, who have neither possibilities to satisfy their social needs nor safe environment, face the problem of stigma and exclusion not only in the society, but also in the immediate environment, namely a residential house or at school. Homeless children experiencing difficulty in school adaptation do not acquire knowledge and skills, which would help them free from poverty and homelessness in the future. In general, all children are our future, so it is very important that they grow up to become full members of the society. Therefore, lately academic society and social policy of the state are focused on the integration and adaptation problems of the children of risk groups in the society (and the school). Homeless children living in shelter homes confront a number of problems at school, namely problems related to learning, social communication and others. Children living in shelter homes has mastered the different stigma management strategies and different patterns of social adaptation. Successful adaptation of homeless children is determined by several factors, the most significant being favourable attitude of classmates and teachers towards them.

Nūdienos Lietuvos kaime yra daug neišspręstų problemų: nepakankamai išplėtota kaimo socialinė infrastruktūra, žemas dalies gyventojų išsilavinimas ir profesinės kvalifikacijos stoka, neaiški kaimo ateities perspektyva ir t. t. Šie veiksniai atsiliepia socioekonominei kaimo gyventojų būklei, kuri daro įtaką jų užimtumo mažėjimui, nedarbui, gyvenimo lygio smukimui, blogina demografinius rodiklius, didina emigraciją ir kt. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama dabartinio Lietuvos kaimo socioekonominė būlė, turinti įtakos ūkininkavimui: analizuojami bendrosios žemės ūkio politikos, jaunimo įtraukimo į ūkininkavimą klausimai, ūkininkų ūkių Lietuvoje skaičius ir plotai, kaimo darbo jėgos aktyvumas, užimtumas, nedarbo ir skurdo lygiai, emigracija bei kitos problemos.

Straipsnyje, remiantis naujausiais statistiniais duomenimis, išryškinti esminiai socioekonominiai ir sociokultūriniai kaimo situacijos pokyčiai: naujos demografinės tendencijos, užimtumas ir nedarbas, gyvenimo kokybė, skurdo lygis ir migracija. Dabartinė Lietuvos kaimo situacija – viena aktualiausių regioninės politikos iššūkių. Nuo Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo kaimas išgyveno tokias permainas, kurių beveik neįmanoma palyginti su bet kurios kitos srities pokyčiais. Mažas investicinis kaimo gyventojų pajėgumas, menka perkamoji galia ir šiuolaikinių darbo rinkos reikalavimų neatitinkantis darbingo amžiaus asmenų profesinis pasirengimas stabdo šių vietovių ūkinės veiklos plėtrą. Globalizacijos procesai, ypač įstojimas į Europos Sąjungą radikaliai pakeitė kaimo vietovių vaidmenį. Todėl būtina atskleisti esminius kaimo pokyčius, į kuriuos galėtų atsižvelgti viešojo sektoriaus institucijos, dalyvaujančios sprendžiant kaimo plėtros administravimo klausimus. Straipsnyje analizuojami kai kurie pozityvūs pokyčiai neurbanizuotose arba žemo urbanizacijos lygio vietovėse.