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Nearly two decades have passed since the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198). This article explores the relevance and potential influence of the Recommendation, and, in particular, Sections 12 and 13 of its Chapter II on national work relationships. It investigates whether the Recommendation can assist in assessing the nature of employment relationships and new forms of work in Lithuania and internationally. Through an analysis of the documents and reports underpinning the Recommendation, the article concludes that, while it offers formal and methodical proposals, there is considerable room for misinterpretation regarding its significance for the content of national employment relationship concepts.

Данная работа направлена на формирование концептуального взгляда внедрения технологий искусственного интеллекта в систему санитарно-эпидемиологического мониторинга Казахстана. Особенно данный вопрос актуален в условиях глобальных вызовов, проявляющимися в урбанизации, развитии промышленности, интенсивном взаимодействии между странами, росте торговых отношений, увеличение миграционных потоков и развития туризма. Главный вызов для человечества – изменение окружающей среды и рост антропогенных факторов, влияющие напрямую на состояние здоровья населения. Целью исследования является формирование концептуальной модели и основных аспектов внедрения искусственного интеллекта в мониторинг на основе мировой практики. Материалы и методы включают анализ международных публикаций, проведение экспертного опроса работников санитарно-эпидемиологической службы и концептуальное моделирование внедрения искусственного интеллекта в систему санитарно-эпидемиологического мониторинга. Результаты и обсуждение: Анализ литературы показал множество положительных аспектов от внедрения искусственного интеллекта в мониторинг, при этом подходы к реализации опираются на потребности самой сферы и управленческие аспекты. Результаты экспертных мнений показал основные барьеры в санитарно-эпидемиологической службе на пути к цифровизации. Предложенная модель иллюстрирует потенциал интеграции искусственного интеллекта в систему мониторинга, сформированная на принципах Data-Centric Governance.

This article investigates the integration of multimodal approaches, conceptualized as interactive learning systems, for developing linguistic competence crucial for effective engagement with contemporary digital information sources and services. Examining language as a dynamic system of signs within a digitally saturated environment, it is argued that a multimodal framework—which thoughtfully combines visual, auditory, and textual elements delivered via information technologies—can significantly enhance users' understanding and proficiency in processing complex information. The study analyzes effective pedagogical strategies that leverage multimodal resources and interactive digital platforms to facilitate deeper engagement with linguistic concepts, thereby improving the ability to interpret and create multimodal digital content. Through a comprehensive empirical assessment involving pre/post-tests, surveys, case studies, and focus groups within an English philology context, the advantages of multimodal learning environments (as information systems) in fostering critical linguistic skills (syntax, semantics, pragmatics) are underscored. These skills are foundational for advanced digital information literacy. The findings indicate statistically significant improvements in linguistic components and user engagement when multimodal strategies are employed. The implications of these approaches for designing effective educational information systems and training users to critically navigate a rapidly evolving multimodal information landscape are discussed. This research contributes to the discourse on innovative methodologies for developing information competence, advocating for a comprehensive approach that reflects the intricacies of contemporary digital information use and design.

Aims: To investigate whether perceived mate availability influences intrasexual competitiveness and hypothetical alcohol consumption, and to examine the moderating role of gender and relationship status. Study Design: Between-subjects, single-blind experimental design. Place and Duration of Study: School of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, between March and June 2024, study was conducted online. Methodology: A total of 129 participants initially took part. After applying exclusion criteria for non-drinkers, missing data, and poor-quality responses, 92 participants (52 females, 40 males; aged 18–54, M = 26.34, SD = 7.12) remained for analysis. Participants were randomly assigned to read priming articles simulating either mate abundance or mate scarcity. Participants completed the Intrasexual Competition Scale (ICS) and an Alcohol Purchase Task (APT). Four demand-related variables were analyzed: estimated consumption when drinks are free (Q₀), sensitivity to price increases (α), initial consumption level (intensity), and maximum spending (Omax). ANOVAs and MANOVAs were conducted to test the effects of priming condition, gender, and relationship status on these outcomes. Results: No significant main effect of condition was found on intrasexual competitiveness. However, significant interaction effects emerged, particularly for females in romantic relationships, suggesting that relationship status moderates sensitivity to mate availability cues. For alcohol consumption, mate scarcity increased hypothetical demand (Q₀) and reduced price sensitivity (α), particularly among males in relationships. No significant effects were found for observed intensity or Omax overall, but significant interactions with gender and relationship status were present. Conclusion: Mate availability cues influence hypothetical alcohol consumption, particularly among partnered males, supporting evolutionary models of risk-taking and mate signalling. The null effect on ICS underscores the need for improved manipulation checks and more sensitive measures of competitiveness. Given the potential health implications of increased alcohol consumption, interventions and public health campaigns should consider how mating-related cues in the social environment might indirectly promote risky drinking behaviour. Future studies should incorporate cultural and socioeconomic variables to enhance generalisability.

The purpose of this study was to explore the links between the perceived importance of critical thinking skills, self-reported critical thinking skills, and work engagement. The study applied a cross-sectional design, and the sample consisted of 2012 employees; the mean age was 41.93 (SD=11.42). To analyse the links between the constructs, three instruments were used: The Work Engagement Scale (UWES), The Perceived Importance of the Critical Thinking Skills Scale (PICTS), and The self-reported Critical Thinking Skills Scale (CTS). For the statistical analyses, SPSS v.26.0, AMOS v.26.0, JASP v.18, and JAMOVI v.2.2.1 software was applied. Confirmatory factor analyses showed the acceptable model fit and validity of the scales in the Lithuanian population. The structural equation modelling results revealed the complex model of the links between the perceived importance of critical thinking skills, the self-reported critical thinking skills, and the elements of work engagement, namely, vigour, dedication, and absorption. The findings revealed that both self-reported critical thinking and the perceived importance of critical thinking skills positively contributed to work engagement, thus indicating the need to foster critical thinking in organizations so that to ensure their flourishing and efficacy.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos prieš šimtmetį Vlado Mačio knygoje „Civilinio proceso paskaitos“ pateiktos idėjos apie civilinio proceso teisę. Taip pat vertinama, kokį civilinio proceso modelį siūlė Vladas Mačys, kokios jo pagrindinės kryptys, kaip buvo siūloma užtikrinti teisingą ir teisėtą civilinį procesą. Nagrinėjama, kokia yra knygos „Civilinio proceso paskaitos“ struktūra, kaip moksliškai buvo vertinamas civilinis procesas. Straipsnyje atskleidžiama, kad Vladas Mačys civilinio proceso tikslus siejo su socialinės taikos (harmonijos) tarp ginčo šalių kuo operatyvesniu atkūrimu. Taip pat analizuojama, kokios Vlado Mačio idėjos liko reikšmingos šiuolaikinio civilinio proceso teisei bei teisei į teisingą teismą užtikrinti civilinės bylose.

This article examines systemic problems in the field of state strategic planning in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite the changes made to the state planning system, a number of problems remain regarding the decomposition of goals, target indicators, the problem of systemically linking financial support for the implementation of strategic documents of the state planning system, and the complexity of the strategic planning architecture. The issues of the state planning system that was in effect until April 29, 2024 were studied. To conduct the study, the decomposition of target indicators into lower-level documents of the planning system was considered, namely, as an example, the second National priority “Affordable and effective healthcare system”. The study revealed that when planning target indicators, the hierarchy of strategic documents and its decomposition in the strategic plan of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan were not observed. The results of this study can be used in developing development plans for government agencies, at the same time, in developing documents for the state planning system, as well as for conducting in-depth scientific research in the field of strategic planning.

This study analyzes the effects of augmented reality technology on teaching English as a second language. The article indicates that AR helps classroom teaching and enhances academic results. AR technology enables language tutors to blend time-tested teaching approaches with interactive activities. The research evaluates AR applications; it analyzes how vocabulary development programs and conversation practice interfaces function when integrated with realistic language simulation systems. AR technology in classrooms fosters teachers to develop adaptable learning experiences that support all learning preferences while removing language proficiency barriers for students. Research reveals that augmented reality boosts student motivation while simultaneously enhancing cognitive development and knowledge retention. Learners show substantial improvements in vocabulary cognition, writing, and listening comprehension abilities. The learning process helps students to develop better group collaboration abilities when they receive feedback right away. Augmented reality transforms English language learning into a customized experience that aligns with the digital age. Successful application of AR requires addressing practical concerns with pedagogical and logistical barriers.

The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war marked a geopolitical awakening for the EU. It prompted a reevaluation of EU foreign and security policies, revealing shortcomings in direction and cohesion. The EU reacted to Russia‘s war of aggression against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, by imposing severe and unprecedented sanctions against it. The economic penalties are intended to hold Russia accountable for its conduct and to successfully obstruct Russian efforts to prolong the attack. Those who support, finance, carry out, or who gain from actions that undermine Ukraine‘s territorial integrity, sovereignty, or independence is the subject of individual sanctions. The CFSP, governed by the Treaty on European Union, is primarily enforced through Council decisions, with Article 29 being a key provision used for adopting foreign policy positions and imposing sanctions. However, the legal nature of CFSP decisions, often considered „soft law,“ presents challenges in their implementation and enforcement. Additionally, the paper discusses the procedural aspects of adopting restrictive measures, highlighting the complexities involved in unanimity among Member States and the subsequent enforcement at the national level. Judicial review of CFSP decisions, particularly in the context of sanctions, is explored through case analyses. The paper examines recent court cases related to CFSP decisions, including challenges to sanctions imposed on individuals and entities. The analysis underscores the difficulties courts face in balancing CFSP objectives with fundamental rights, particularly regarding media regulation and freedom of expression. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a more unified and effective CFSP framework, especially in the face of evolving geopolitical challenges. It highlights the importance of addressing the shortcomings in CFSP decision-making processes and ensuring a balanced approach to judicial review to uphold the rule of law and fundamental rights while enhancing the EU‘s external actions‘ legitimacy and efficacy.

This study investigates the relationship between taxation and financial stability in the European Union (EU) from 2005 to 2019, a period that encompasses a full economic cycle, including the 2008-2009 financial crisis. The EU’s diverse economic landscape, with varying tax systems, provides an opportunity to analyse the interaction between tax burden and national economic development. Using a quantile regression approach and hierarchical clustering (Ward method), the study examines the effects of different taxation levels across 28 EU member states. The research highlights the role of tax structures in promoting economic growth while maintaining financial stability, addressing how tax reforms—particularly lowering taxation rates while broadening the tax base—can impact financial systems. The findings demonstrate that while tax burdens play a critical role in shaping financial stability, this relationship varies across countries and time periods. Data from international organisations such as the World Bank and Eurostat were utilised to support the empirical analysis. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on optimising tax policies to foster stable and competitive financial environments in the EU, especially in the wake of the global financial crisis.