Lavišius, Tomas

The rapid expansion of the European Union’s digital regulatory framework and recent adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) has introduced complex, overlapping compliance obligations for AI systems, and consequently, their developers and users. These challenges are amplified for dual-use AI systems, which may be developed for civilian markets yet deployed in military contexts, requiring alignment with both EU regulatory instruments and defence-specific frameworks such as NATO policies. Existing approaches to regulatory compliance remain largely manual, fragmented, and difficult to scale, particularly when legal requirements must be translated into actionable, system-level specifications for dual-use contexts. This paper proposes a novel ontology-based methodology for automated regulatory compliance requirements specification for dual-use AI systems. The methodology systematically integrates legal and technical perspectives by structuring compliance obligations across deployment domains (civilian and defence), system lifecycle phases, and requirement categories, including privacy- and security-related obligations. Implemented as a machine-readable knowledge graph using RDF/Turtle, the approach enables executable compliance modelling, where regulatory obligations are formalised as machine-interpretable entities that can be queried, validated, and deployment-specifically configured through semantic reasoning and SPARQL-based analysis. The methodology is validated through a detailed case study of an AI-powered espionage detection system, demonstrating how context-aware semantic reasoning and SHACL-based validation can ensure that regulatory requirements are consistently specified and mapped to concrete system components. The proposed framework advances the state of the art by providing a rigorous, extensible foundation for compliance-by-design and automated analysis, thereby reducing compliance risk and supporting responsible AI engineering in complex omni-use regulatory environments.

Contemporary hybrid threats employ coordinated campaigns across information, cyber, and physical domains, maintaining plausible deniability while exploiting institutional vulnerabilities. This review conducts a scoping analysis following the PRISMA ScR framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Extension for Scoping Reviews) to evaluate Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), Social Media Intelligence (SOCMINT), and Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities relevant to hybrid threat detection. We systematically assess these technologies against a 12-point operational requirements framework derived from documented Russian and Chinese military OSINT methodologies and influence operation tradecraft. The analysis incorporates high-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) European initiatives to ground capability assessments in operational experience. While individual analytical disciplines are technically advanced, current defensive systems remain siloed and lack the cross-domain reasoning necessary to correlate technical cyber indicators with coordinated narrative manipulation. Requirements for cross-platform correlation and adversarial adaptation show only prototype stage coverage. Our findings reveal a persistent “semantic gap”: defensive systems collect extensive data but lack integrated semantic reasoning across domains and languages. To address this, we examine ontology-based approaches as architectural solutions, positioning the ‘Hybrid Information Psychological Societal Threats handling system’ (HIPSTer) framework as an illustrative case. HIPSTer specifically targets the multilingual nature of hybrid threats—particularly in Russian and Chinese contexts—achieving TRL-4 validation through high-efficiency semantic vectors and formal reasoning across diverse language benchmarks. Finally, the review analyzes how European regulations—including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), AI Act, and Network and Information Systems Directive 2 (NIS2)—shape operational architectures through compliance by design imperatives. We conclude by outlining a prioritized research agenda to advance European hybrid threat detection toward operational maturity.

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos Respublikos socialinių įmonių įstatymo, kuris neteko galios nuo 2023 m. sausio 1 d., panaikinimo reikšmė. Taip Lietuvoje buvo panaikinta vienintelė organizacinė socialinio tikslo siekiančios įmonės forma – socialinė įmonė (toliau – SĮ). Daromos išvados, kad įstatymų leidėjo intencija naikinant SĮ statusą panaikinti ir segreguotų darbo vietų palaikymą vertintina kaip teigiamas reiškinys bandant taikyti socialines inovacijas, sprendžiant vieną iš problemų – tobulinti individualių integracijos į darbo rinką priemonių taikymo teisinį reglamentavimą. Vis dėlto visaverčiam tokių socialinių inovacijų įgyvendinimui vien SĮ panaikinimo neužtenka, o yra būtini tolimesni įstatymų leidėjo žingsniai, siekiant pilnai išnaudoti į socialinį tikslą orientuotų verslo formų potencialą Lietuvoje. Panaikinant SĮ buvo išspręsta tik dalis socialinio verslo ar socialinės ekonomikos teisinio reguliavimo problemų ir nebuvo pritaikytas sisteminis požiūris – panaikinant SĮ statusą sykiu sureguliuoti socialinio verslo sektoriaus (plačiąja prasme) statusą. Straipsnyje taip pat daroma išvada, kad nacionalinę praktinę perspektyvą galima orientuoti ne vien į socialinio verslo įmonių teisinį įtvirtinimą, būtent į platesnį ir universalesnį socialinės ekonomikos apibrėžimą. O įstatymų leidėjas gali rinktis reglamentavimo modelius nuo vadinamosios savireguliacijos skatinimo, kuris praktikoje gali įgyti įvairias formas, soft law priemonių, iki griežtesnio reglamentavimo modelių, atsižvelgiant į reglamentavimo tikslus, arba tam tikrą šių formų kombinaciją.

Social enterprises have gained importance in European and national policies in recent years. There is a growing awareness that they create sustainable and inclusive growth and stimulate social innovation. Moreover, the question can be raised as to whether social entrepreneurship and, more precisely, legal forms available for social enterprises can make an impact on sustainable development. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is committed to eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development worldwide by 2030. In the run-up to the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, the European Commission worked closely with the European Union (EU) Member States to ensure an ambitious global outcome. The European Commission committed to mainstreaming the SDGs into EU policies and initiatives. Amongst different tools for the implementation of SDGs, social entrepreneurship or social business can contribute to this process both nationally and internationally. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current situation and capture best practice in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), through comparison of the legal forms available for social entrepreneurship or social business.

The European Commission declares that social economy gives a lot to the European Union. The Council of the European Union defines the social economy as a key driver of economic and social development in Europe. Therefore, this paper attempts to look at the case of regulating social business through the legal technology. So far it is up to the particular country to decide whether the social enterprise is supposed to obtain special legal form or not. The connection of the legal technology with regulation of incorporation and maintenance of social enterprise also varies from state to state. The correlation between the above mentioned aspects is yet quite insignificant. Therefore, much more needs to be done at all levels of public policy to optimize the framework conditions for social enterprises.

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the definition of social innovation and its relation to the status of social enterprise as a legal concept. Design/methodology/approach. Methodologically this research focuses on the legislation of European Union and some recent initiatives that were undertaken by Lithuania and other EU Member States in the area of development and facilitation of social entrepreneurship. This research utilizes the qualitative research methods. The textual analysis method has been used to examine the content and meaning of legal texts and other documents, as well as their structure. Findings. The social economy and social enterprises offer specific tools that can be used to tackle important social challenges. Moreover, they can contribute to reducing the social divide and accelerating innovation while pursuing their overarching objective of providing a service to society. Social enterprise is not a new organizational form, but a result of evolutionary development of non-profit or voluntary organizations. To create social value, social enterprises have developed innovative strategies, new resource configurations and governance structures. It should be stressed that usually innovation process in commercial enterprises means the creation of new products and services, however, in social enterprise innovation means the reconfiguration of existing products or services to create social value. Research limitations/implications. The scope of the research covers the examination of the EU legislation regulating this area. It also covers the comparative analysis of social entrepreneurship legal regulation in the neighbouring Baltic countries – EU Member States – Latvia and Lithuania that shows current progress in development of legal basis for social entrepreneurs. Practical implications. In 2015, the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Lithuania adopted the Conception of Social Entrepreneurship. So far, this is the main document providing the common definition. However, it is rather broad and not very well known. Currently Lithuanian Government works on several initiatives to promote social entrepreneurship, i.e. Draft Law on Social Business, which, however, is not published yet. Therefore, the results of the research can be useful improving the national legal framework on social entrepreneurship. Originality/Value. Social innovations and social entrepreneurship legal preconditions are quite new definitions that lack conceptual review to become more understandable. This research looks for the legal preconditions of social entrepreneurship and social innovation in order to clarify these definitions in the way that could be useful for further research and practical application.

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to try to answer the question what are the main legal approaches to facilitate the creation of social enterprises? What kind of advantages or disadvantages have these models? Design/methodology/approach. Research focuses on the analytical review of the legal acts and previous insights of researchers. Theoretically this paper employs the philosophical doctrine of the realism. In the social world objects have varying probabilities of coming into existence and causing new objects, which connect into identifiable structures. We investigate the social world in its context, which counts as evidence, concepts, measures, etc. (Letherby et all, 2013). This research also uses the qualitative research methods, such as textual analysis (Lockyer, 2008), comparative method (Vogt, 2005), and generalization (Willams, 2004). Findings. The main scenarios in creating the legal framework for social enterprises are whether the adaptation of existing legal forms or creation of new legal forms taking into account the specific features of social enterprises. Some law makers react in different way by creating the so called social enterprise legal status, or legal qualification. However, the ultimate European legal form of social enterprise is particularly difficult to develop considering very different traditions of the development of social entrepreneurship in different countries. Research limitations/implications. This is a general review of the EU legislation regulating this area, and of social entrepreneurship legal regulation in the selected EU Member States and the USA, which possibly could stimulate the further research and discussion. Practical implications. This research will contribute to the deeper analysis of the legislation in this area and more defined legal categories and positioning of social entrepreneurship in the legal systems of the EU Member States. The results of the research can be useful improving the national legal framework on social entrepreneurship, which is clearly insufficient in nowadays stage of rapid popularization of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania. Originality/Value. This research looks for the legal preconditions of social entrepreneurship in the EU legislation and uses the comparative method to identify and examine the most common legal framework for social enterprises in the EU Member States.

In recent years it can be heard quite often about social business (or social entrepreneurship) initiatives. Different definitions of this phenomenon are being provided. The lack of legal certainty requires for a thorough examination of social business as a legal category. The paper aims to identify the basic legal preconditions of social business in the European Union and to show the complexity of the concept of social business phenomenon. The authors look for basic categories in legislation of the EU in the area of social business and examine main views of the academic researchers regarding this topic. Authors come to main conclusion that existing legal forms in the EU are too narrow and vary from state to state. In such situation there must be found and defined legal preconditions (common approach) – what could be considered specifically as social business or social entrepreneurship.