Seniutienė, Danguolė

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos jaunų suaugusiųjų socialinio nerimo, perfekcionizmo ir suvokiamų tėvystės stilių sąsajos. Tyrimo aktualumą lemia didėjantis perfekcionizmo paplitimas šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje, socialinių medijų įtaka tapatumo formavimuisi bei augantis socialinio nerimo aktualumas tarp jaunų žmonių. Straipsnyje remiamasi teorinėmis socialinio nerimo, perfekcionizmo ir tėvystės stilių sampratomis, aptariami pagrindiniai šių reiškinių tarpusavio ryšiai. Tyrime dalyvavo 139 asmenys, kurių amžius svyravo nuo 18 iki 29 metų. Duomenys rinkti naudojant šiuos standartizuotus instrumentus: Tėvų autoritetingumo klausimynas (PAQ), Socialinės fobijos klausimynas (SPIN) bei Daugiamačio perfekcionizmo skalė (MPS). Tyrime buvo skaičiuojamas instrumentų patikimumas, atlikta aprašomoji statistika, taikomas Student t-testas nepriklausomoms imtims bei atlikta Pearson koreliacinė analizė. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, jog jauni suaugusieji patyrė vidutinio arba aukšto išreikštumo socialinį nerimą, tačiau moterys jautė aukštesnį socialinio nerimo lygį nei vyrai. Lyčių skirtumų perfekcionizmo dimensijų atžvilgiu rasta nebuvo. Tyrimas taip pat atskleidė, jog suvoktas autoritarinis auklėjimo stilius buvo teigiamai susijęs su socialiai priskirtu ir į save orientuotu perfekcionizmu bei socialiniu nerimu. Leidžiantis auklėjimo stilius nebuvo susijęs nei su socialiniu nerimu, nei su atskiromis perfekcionizmo dimensijomis, o autoritetingas auklėjimo stilius buvo neigiamai susijęs su socialiai priskirtu perfekcionizmu. Gauti rezultatai pabrėžia ankstyvųjų tėvystės patirčių ir perfekcionistinių nuostatų svarbą jaunų suaugusiųjų psichologinei gerovei bei socialinio nerimo formavimuisi.

Migration has increasingly been weaponized as a tool of hybrid warfare, challenging national security, legal frameworks, and humanitarian obligations. This article examines migration as a hybrid threat through a legal lens, focusing on recent trends in countering illegal migration and the implications of the Lithuania- Belarus border crisis. The article explores the strategic use of migration by state and non-state actors to destabilize target countries, assessing how hybrid threats manifest in border crises. It provides a legal analysis of state responses, including legislative measures, border control policies, and international legal obligations concerning asylum and human rights. The case study of the Lithuania- Belarus border crisis illustrates how irregular migration can be leveraged as a form of coercion, examining the legal justifications and challenges of Lithuania’s response, including pushbacks, emergency measures, and EU legal frameworks. Furthermore, the article discusses recent trends in countering illegal migration, highlighting developments in EU law, technological advancements in border management, and cooperative mechanisms among states. It evaluates the legal and ethical dimensions of restrictive measures, considering their compliance with international human rights law, the principle of non-refoulement, and European legal standards. By analyzing legal frameworks and state responses, the article aims to contribute to the broader discourse on security, migration law, and hybrid threats. It underscores the need for a balanced approach that upholds national security while adhering to international legal norms. The findings emphasize the necessity of legal adaptability in addressing evolving hybrid threats, ensuring that countermeasures remain both effective and lawful.

Migration and security as social phenomena, which in recent times have often been levelled or even staged against each other. Migration can sometimes pose certain challenges to the interests of the state if it is perceived as a threat to national security. This perception can lead to the implementation of various political or legal measures and instruments aimed at protecting borders, regulating immigration flows and monitoring the movement of migrants. The European Parliament has tried to tighten border controls and improve the ability of Member States to manage the flow of people arriving in Europe. To achieve this, the new Pact on Migration and Asylum was approved, which proposes to better address the complexity and challenges of migration management, while ensuring that the rights and needs of illegal migrants are respected and protected. Over the past few years, the countries of the European Union have from time to time reintroduced border controls within the Schengen area, which often last for a long time. In order to preserve free movement while addressing real security threats, the European Commission presented its proposal for a revision of the Schengen rules in 2021. In February 2024, Parliament reached a provisional agreement with national governments on rules stressing that the reintroduction of border controls is a last resort. EU countries can exceptionally reintroduce border controls when there is a serious threat to public policy or internal security. This article analyses the challenges posed by migration processes to contemporary public security, focusing on the case of Lithuania. The article analyses the impact of irregular migration on the public security aspects of Lithuania and discusses possible solutions to address these challenges. The article reviews the migration situation in Lithuania over the last decade using statistical data and assesses the decision-making challenges for the actors involved in migration processes, as well as providing an overview of the latest regional legal framework.

As a complex mechanism, the activities of the State in all its various spheres of existence are carefully planned, both in the long and short term (Wagner, 2021). The activities of the State institutions that ensure national security and carry out the various executive functions entrusted to them are no exception. The role of the State Border Guard Service under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania (further – SBGS) in this context is of particular importance, since the officers of the Service - border guards - are the first to greet, or to see off, persons arriving in, or leaving, Lithuania. Despite this unique role, in addition to the other very important functions assigned to it, the SBGS also performs another function directly related to national security and the security of all of us: risk analysis and assessment. This work is carried out by the SBGS at several levels. The highest of them covers long-term monitoring, identification of risk factors, trends and their constant updating, while the lowest one is the risk assessment carried out by a specific officer, at a specific time, carrying out a border inspection, which starts the whole chain of risk assessment, which contains information on the risk factors observed and recorded by the officers during the course of their service. The aim of the article is to present the actions of the SBGS officers in the course of the risk assessment during the border inspection. The aim is mainly based on the provisions of the legislation and the recommendations offered by Frontex.

Migration and security (human security) is not a new idea but it has remarkable revival in last decade. In the policy world, human rights and human security are the two frameworks that most reinforce each other. The human security approach shares with human rights concerns for protecting freedom, enhancing opportunities, but additionally puts focus on protection from critical and pervasive threats. However, sometimes the situation becomes ambiguous and states question whether the right to migrate (in the face of large, unmanageable, irregular flows) weakens the public (human) security legal framework. The article provides an overview of the migration situation in Lithuania in the last decade, using statistical data, and assesses the challenges of decision-making in relation to the actors involved in migration processes.

t. Following the declaration of the restoration of independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990, there was a need to regulate not only the social relations within the country related to Lithuanian citizenship, but also to determine the legal status of foreigners in the Republic of Lithuania. The legal status of aliens includes the following: the conditions of entry, residence or departure are determined by the State itself, a right which derives from the sovereignty of the States, but the definition of the legal status of aliens must also be subject to the norms of international law, which lay down the necessary conditions for the legal protection of aliens. The article presents, on the basis of statistical data, the procedure and conditions of entry of aliens into the Republic of Lithuania and assesses the application of the provisions of the Law on the Legal Status of Aliens.

This article presents actualities of issues of migration. Migration is a highly discussed and contested issue in most transit or destination States. The analysis of current trends in migration leads to the conclusion that this issue increased in the last decade and have tendencies to continue in near future. It means that more people will decide to change their place of living, and every country will become a source of transit or final destination of migration. Migration processes taking place within state borders. Control of national borders is seen as an essential aspect of the sovereign State. States adopt increasingly restrictive rules, same times fueled by popular hostility to immigrants. The main task, by using content analysis method is to show, that migration issues remain important in today's context and require continuous focus and adaptation of common instruments to manage migration flows. As illustrative example was taken data collected by Frontex.

Lithuania is a small country with limited natural and other resources and market, so it is why Lithuania is interested in being as open to the world as possible. The geographical location of Lithuania between the West and the East and its membership in the Schengen area help to be open as much as possible. Lithuania's status as a transit country is valued and recognized in the world. For this reason, one of the priority areas of our country is an efficient transit system, with an efficient transit procedure. Kaliningrad transit also plays an important role in the general transit system of Lithuania. Kaliningrad transit is an integral part of EU law. This is a special EU agreement with the Russian Federation. The Kaliningrad region is a typical enclave surrounded by the European Union, an integral part of the Russian Federation that has no direct land connection with its continent. The study aims to assess Lithuania's role and powers in the implementation of Kaliningrad transit and its control. The article, using the analysis of scientific literature and legal acts, aims to assess the aspects of legal regulation and the general situation regarding Kaliningrad transit scheme, to identify problematic aspects, and to suggest possible solutions.

This article analyzes the situation of unaccompanied minors, asylum seekers and non-asylum seekers, coming to the Republic of Lithuania from third countries. Outside the scope of the investigation are unaccompanied minors who are: citizens of the European Union, a Member State of the European Free Trade Association or other persons who exercise the right of free movement of persons in accordance with the legal acts of the European Union, or family members of a citizen of the European Union, a Member State of the European Free Trade Association or a person exercising the right of free movement in accordance with European Union legislation, or third country nationals legally present in the Republic of Lithuania. The article also presents the legal and social aspects of the entry of unaccompanied minors into the Republic of Lithuania. The aim is to identify the activity of the institutions through the involvement and implementation of procedures (appointment of a legal representative, accommodation, interviewing, age determination, search for family members or other legal representatives, granting asylum procedures, etc.), when the arrival of an unaccompanied minors is established, identify problems and propose possible solutions. This theme was chosen because of the end of May, 2021 over 1,000 migrant minors entered the country illegally.