Visuomenės saugumas ir viešoji tvarka / Public security of public order 2024, vol. 36

Negative statistical data and the resulting trends indicate an exclusively worsening situation regarding the phenomenon of forced labor and its proliferation globally, as well as a considerably troubling situation in Lithuania. Moreover, the causality of forced labor, linked to contemporary realities -such as the migration of daily life into the digital sphere or even the war in Ukraine -further substantiates the trends of the consistent spread of this negative phenomenon. This demonstrates the relevance of the topic and underscores the need to continue research into the challenges surrounding the regulation and application of criminal liability for exploitation for forcedlabor in Lithuanian law. The research results of this article aim not only to provide new knowledge about exploitation for forced labor (services) as a criminal offense, but also to enable a better understanding of the newly emerging weaknesses in its legal elements, as well as the new challenges that arise when incriminating such acts in practice. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to analyze the problems of qualifying exploitation for forced labor (services) as a criminal offense in Lithuanian criminal law, thereby aiming to better understand the legal construction of this offense and identify the weaknesses in its constituent elements. Consequently, the tasks of the research are based on three main areas of this analysis: namely, the assessment ofthe objective and subjective elements of exploitation for forced labor (services), as well as the evaluation of additional qualifying features in Lithuanian criminal law. The article utilizes research methods such as comparative analysis, document analysis, systematic analysis, and generalization methods. The analysis in this article substantiated the difficulties arising in the assessment of certain objective and subjective elements of exploitation for forced labor (services) as a criminal offense, and provided specific solutions related to the proper evaluation of the modus operandi, the determination of guilt, and additional qualifying features, such as forcing someone to work under conditions of slavery or other inhuman conditions.

Vaiko psichikos sveikata yra svarbi viešojo saugumo tema. Esant nepalankioms aplinkos sąlygoms, vaikams gali išsivystyti delinkventinis elgesys, agresija, kurie savo ruožtu gali nuvesti iki rimtų nusikalstamų veikų. Tyrimai nustatė, kad įvairios genų ir aplinkos sąveikos didina elgesio sunkumus, tame tarpe delinkventinį elgesį ir nusikalstamumą. Vaiko psichikos sveikatos raidai yra svarbi tiek aplinka, tiek ir pats vaikas bei jų tarpusavio sąveika. Nepaisant to, kad kasmet atliekama labai daug ir įvairių tyrimų analizuojančių vaikų elgesio, kognityvinių ir emocijų sutrikimų priežastis, gydymą, korekciją ir prevenciją, tačiau sutrikimų kasmet vis daugėja. Nepalankių aplinkos veiksnių įtakos vaikų psichikos sveikatai analizavimo svarbą rodo ir tai, kad tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad maždaug 2,4 – 18,2 proc. vaikų turi nerimo sutrikimų, impulsų kontrolės sutrikimų – 1 – 6,8 proc. ir pan. Tyrimai rodo, kad genetinės variacijos sąveikauja su aplinkos kontekstu tokiu būdu nulemdamos įvairų elgesį tokį kaip pavyzdžiui nusikalstamas veikas. Taigi sistemingai analizuoti veiksnius, kurie susiję su vaiko psichikos sveikata yra itin svarbu. Tad šio straipsnio tikslas aptarti ir išanalizuoti nepalankių aplinkos veiksnių įtakos vaikų psichikos sveikatos raidai teorijas. Metodologiniu požiūriu straipsnyje taikoma teorinės literatūros sintezė. Taigi pagrindiniai šio tyrimo uždaviniai yra atskleisti tris svarbiausius nepalankių aplinkos įtakos vaikų psichinei sveikatai modelius: atskleisti streso – diatezės modelį. Išanalizuoti skirtingo imlumo teorinį modelį. Išanalizuoti biologinio jautrumo kontekstui teorinį modelį. Palyginti šiuos tris modelius, išskiriant esminius panašumus ir skirtumus. Išvados: streso – diatezės modelis teigia, kad kai kurie asmenys dėl padidinto jautrumo, kuris gali būti elgesinio pobūdžio (pvz.: sunkus temperamentas) arba fiziologinio/endofenotipinio pobūdžio (pvz.: padidintas biologinis reaktyvumas į stresą) arba genetinio pobūdžio (pvz.: turėjimas tam tikrų genų alelių) yra neproporcingai labiau pažeidžiami aplinkos stresorių nei kiti. Skirtingo imlumo teorija, visų pirma, kėlė klausimą ne kaip patirtis veikia vystymąsi, bet kodėl apskritai ji turėtų veikti jį. Vaikai skiriasi taip pat ir pagal savo jautrumą aplinkos poveikiams. Tai reikalinga taip pat tam, kad išliktų. Biologinio jautrumo kontekstui teorija teigia, kad vaikai, kuriems būdingas žemas reaktyvumas beveik vienodai reagavo tiek į stipriai neigiamą, tiek į mažai neigiamą aplinką. Abejose pastarosiose teigiama, kad itin jautrus asmuo su aukštu reaktyvumu bus jautrus tiek teigiamiems, tiek neigiamiems aplinkos poveikiams.

The quality protection of minor's right to privacy cannot be achieved without sufficient protection of personal data. Minors merit specific protection, any information and communication when it comes to their privacy and data protection. The issue of minors' right to private life and personal data protection in Lithuania is an important and multifaceted topic, covering the provisions of legal acts, their practical implementation, public awareness and the activities of institutions. Still, there are few scientific studies in Lithuania on minors' right to private life and personal data protection, and scientific research is not often conducted. This scientific article aim is to reveal the legal regulation and practical problematic aspects of ensuring minors' right to private life and personal data protection. After analyzing legal doctrine, court practice and the results of the empirical study, it was revealed that, even with strict legal regulation of minors' private life and personal data protection, it is not enough to protect and ensure these rights. Considering the opinion, experience and knowledge of the research participants, to properly ensure the minor's rights to private life and personal data protection, it is necessary to strengthen legal regulation, take greater preventive measures and promote education, create interinstitutional relations and increase their cooperation and reducing the intervention of state institutions when it is not necessary.

The reports of the Council of Europe’s Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment show that Lithuanian prisons still do not provide safe prison conditions for inmates. Considering that, the article aims to present whether Lithuanian legal regulation meets international and EU requirements and how Lithuania's court and Seimas ombudsperson review system facilitate ensuring the protection of prisoners from violence and ill-treatment. The focus is on fulfilling the obligations of the prison authorities to ensure nonviolent prison conditions for inmates. The article analyses international, EU, and Lithuanian laws on ensuring the safety of prisoners and the decisions of Lithuanian Ombudsperson and Lithuanian courts on this issue for the period of 2022-2024.

Migration and security as social phenomena, which in recent times have often been levelled or even staged against each other. Migration can sometimes pose certain challenges to the interests of the state if it is perceived as a threat to national security. This perception can lead to the implementation of various political or legal measures and instruments aimed at protecting borders, regulating immigration flows and monitoring the movement of migrants. The European Parliament has tried to tighten border controls and improve the ability of Member States to manage the flow of people arriving in Europe. To achieve this, the new Pact on Migration and Asylum was approved, which proposes to better address the complexity and challenges of migration management, while ensuring that the rights and needs of illegal migrants are respected and protected. Over the past few years, the countries of the European Union have from time to time reintroduced border controls within the Schengen area, which often last for a long time. In order to preserve free movement while addressing real security threats, the European Commission presented its proposal for a revision of the Schengen rules in 2021. In February 2024, Parliament reached a provisional agreement with national governments on rules stressing that the reintroduction of border controls is a last resort. EU countries can exceptionally reintroduce border controls when there is a serious threat to public policy or internal security. This article analyses the challenges posed by migration processes to contemporary public security, focusing on the case of Lithuania. The article analyses the impact of irregular migration on the public security aspects of Lithuania and discusses possible solutions to address these challenges. The article reviews the migration situation in Lithuania over the last decade using statistical data and assesses the decision-making challenges for the actors involved in migration processes, as well as providing an overview of the latest regional legal framework.