Arts & Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science)

Henri’o Bergsono gyvybės koncepcija gali suteikti pagrindą darnaus vystymosi doktri-nos filosofijai. Straipsnyje išskiriami ne tik trys esminiai šios doktrinos komponentai (ekologija, ekonomika, socialinė politika), ne tik du jos realizacijai būtini kontekstai (technologijos, kultūra arba mąstymo pokytis), bet ir visų šių struktūrinių doktrinos dalių tarpusavio santykio specifika. Analizuojant du gyvybės patyrimo modalumus, išvystytus H. Bergsono filosofijoje, parodoma, kaip darnaus vystymosi doktrinos rea-lizavimas struktūriškai priklauso nuo šių modalumų. Kiekvienas iš doktrinos kompo-nentų nagrinėjamas sąveikoje su élan vital ir jo fundamentalia raiška žmogaus sąmonėje, H. Bergsono vadinama „kuriančiąja emocija“.

This essay introduces the concept of Socratic Intelligence (SI) and proposes five premises: (1) artificial and human agents learn through observation, interaction, and reflective examination of those interactions; (2) what is learned depends on metacognition and reinforcement; (3) SI comprises five interlocking dimensions: epistemic curiosity, critical self-awareness, assumption analysis, dialogical competence, and intellectual humility; (4) Generative SI, embedded in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) or Large Language Models (LLMs), can scaffold human learning; and (5) Generative SI can apply the Socratic method recursively to a system’s own computational processes as a form of internal epistemic self-regulation. We situate SI within several philosophical traditions: Plato’s elenchus and docta ignorantia, Aristotle’s phronesis, virtue epistemology on intellectual humility, Dreyfus’s critique of cognitivism, and recent epistemology of LLMs. We argue that SI construct gives the philosophy of AI a normative vocabulary that interfaces classical philosophy with current machine-learning practice.

Lietuvos Statutai yra pripažinti pažangiausia XVI a. kodifikuota teisės sistema, jie iki šiol laikomi Lietuvos valstybingumo simboliu. Vieninga to laikotarpio teisės sistema atspindėjo unikalią Lietuvos politinę bei socialinę struktūrą, padėjo spręsti vidaus nesutarimus ir dorotis su išorinėmis grėsmėmis, taip sustiprindama Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valstybę, kuriai priklausė įvairių luomų, tautų, etninių grupių gyventojai, laikęsi skirtingų įstatymų, papročių, tradicijų, išpažinę įvairias religijas. Lietuvos Statutuose derinti pasaulietinis ir krikščioniškasis požiūriai, sprendžiant įvairius valstybės ir visuomenės klausimus. Ypač vertinamas Lietuvos Statutuose išdėstytas šeimos gyvenimo, tėvų valdžios, vaiko teisių, globos kausimų reguliavimas. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas tėvų valdžios ir vaiko teisių santykis Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje, atsiskleidęs I bei III Lietuvos Statutų tekstuose, atspindinčiuose to laikotarpio teisės kodifikavimo pradžią ir pabaigą.

This article explores how memory is shaped by media ecologies, emphasising embodied and postcolonial perspectives. Challenging digital and Eurocentric archival practices and its infrastructures, we examine the disembodiment of memory in digital environments and advocate for alternative, embodied forms of remembrance. Drawing on thinkers such as Stiegler, Simondon, Derrida and Foucault, the text underscores the ontological and political stakes of archiving. Through case studies from Latin America and philosophical inquiry, the article proposes a revaluation of bodily practices, local traditions, and intersubjective rituals as vital infrastructures for cultural memory, justice, and epistemic diversity in a digitised and globalised world.

This article analyses the situation of corruption crime in Ukraine during martial law and in the Republic of Lithuania during the state of emergency and identifies trends in the development of this negative phenomenon. The author notes that since 2014, Ukraine has intensified the implementation of measures aimed at combating corruption. At the same time, the Republic of Lithuania has demonstrated significant success in combating this type of crime since 1990. However, due to the full-scale Russian invasion on 24 February 2022, the countries under study faced a new issue, i.e., corruption during martial law and during the state of emergency. This article presents an analysis of the quantitative characteristics of corruption crimes for the period under study, namely, the number of registered corruption crimes, the number of identified persons who committed corruption crimes, and the number of convicted persons against whom a court verdict has come into force. Based on the number of registered crimes, the most common corruption offences were identified. The work of the anticorruption agencies of Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania since 24 February 2022 was also studied. The analysis of the abovementioned corruption offenses on the work of anticorruption institutions enabled further identification of the areas highly vulnerable to corruption risk. Studying corruption during martial law and the state of emergency will make it possible to identify its specific features for further development of measures to combat this type of crime. This experience may be useful for solving similar problems in the future.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sąmonės ir smegenų santykio tyrimas, atliktas Bergsono veikale Materija ir atmintis bei tiesiogiai su šiuo veikalu susijusiuose tekstuose. Nuodugniai analizuojama populiari psichofiziologinė paralelizmo teorija, sąmonės ir smegenų koreliaciją pavertusi ekvivalencija, ir atskleidžiamas jos filosofinis pobūdis, paneigiant jos moksliškumo klišę. Remdamasis visais laikmečio neurologiniais tyrimais, Bergsonas grindžia sąmonės autonomijos smegenų atžvilgiu tezę ir siūlo originalų sąmonės ir smegenų santykio modelį. „Kontaktas“ ir „tarpas“ tarp smegenų ir sąmonės leidžia ne tik atnaujinti filosofinę sąmonės įkūnijimo problemą, bet ir keisti egzistencines gyvenimo nuostatas.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip teismai, vienintelė institucija, vykdanti teisingumą, formuluodami praktiką, traktuoja teisingumo principą ir su kokiomis pagrindinėmis problemomis susiduria, jį įgyvendindami. Siekiant šio tikslo, tekste analizuojama teisingumo principo samprata teisės teorijoje ir filosofijoje, remiantis teismų praktika, Lietuvos bei užsienio teisės doktrina, nagrinėjamas šio teisės principo turinys, atskleidžiant teisingumo principo svarbą dabartiniu laikotarpiu. Be to, analizuojamas teismų vaidmuo įgyvendinant teisingumą, aptariamas teisingumo principo teisminis aiškinimas. Šiame darbe išskiriamos dabartiniu laikotarpiu svarbiausios teisingumo principo įgyvendinimo problemos. Taip pat atkleidžiama teisingumo, kaip teisės principo, sampratos vieta plačiame teisingumo sampratos diskurse.

The present study analyzes the types of interrogative, such as yes/no questions, wh-questions, or alternative questions, and their semantic and pragmatic functions in a multilingual parallel corpus of spoken monologues extracted from the TED Talks transcripts in five languages: English, European Portuguese, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, and Hebrew. The corpus was developed with English as the pivot language, and the examples are aligned in all five languages based on the occurrence of an interrogative. To conduct this study, we designed an annotation scheme that harmonizes two parts of ISO 24617 – Part 8: Semantic relations and Part 2: Dialogue acts. This framework enabled us to determine the discourse relations that questions establish with the segments to which they are connected and that precede them and their communicative function. In our analysis, we observed that, despite the monologic nature of the corpus, interrogatives are very frequent and diversified across the five languages. Our findings also reveal that the questions are mostly used with a pragmatic function and that the range of discourse relations is less varied. Additionally, the analysis disclosed some pertinent differences between the five languages concerning the translation choices.

Over the past decade, the ideas of democratic socialism have gained significant popularity, especially in the United States. However, public discourse - both among critics and supporters - often presents conflicting and highly debatable concepts of democratic socialism, especially when it comes to interpretations of its relationship to the concept of social democracy. This article explores the historical relationship between these two concepts. It examines the relationship between democratic socialists and Russian Bolshevism, as well as the political order of the USSR. Additionally, the paper analyses the relationship between the concepts of socialism and democracy, which is characteristic of the social democratic ideological and political tradition. It also reveals the relationship between democratic socialism and the concept and practice of nationalisation, as far as it is relevant to this analysis. The paper argues that, in historical terms, democratic socialism is essentially (almost) synonymous with social democracy.

Recent developments in metaphor theory stress its embodied character. This article brings together these transformational insights and considers them through the lenses of Dante’s approach, which we may call proto-phenomenological, to the phenomenon of evil. Despite the substantial work on different aspects of Dante’s oeuvre, concerning philosophy, theology and poetry, there has been little reflection on his specific phenomenological hermeneutics of the body and its importance for the whole poetic project. The article responds to this neglect with an analysis of the logic of embodied metaphor in relation to a specific, pre-modern context. Hence, the conceptual apparatus of embodied cognition and enactive phenomenology is used here as a method to support the thesis that the language of embodied metaphors grounds a new approach to ontological, epistemological and ethical aspects regarding the phenomenon of evil, which are already apparent in Dante’s work. Therefore, another important outcome of this research is the validation of the primacy of poetry on the grounds of this new (embodied) epistemology.