Arts & Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science)

Over the past decade, the ideas of democratic socialism have gained significant popularity, especially in the United States. However, public discourse - both among critics and supporters - often presents conflicting and highly debatable concepts of democratic socialism, especially when it comes to interpretations of its relationship to the concept of social democracy. This article explores the historical relationship between these two concepts. It examines the relationship between democratic socialists and Russian Bolshevism, as well as the political order of the USSR. Additionally, the paper analyses the relationship between the concepts of socialism and democracy, which is characteristic of the social democratic ideological and political tradition. It also reveals the relationship between democratic socialism and the concept and practice of nationalisation, as far as it is relevant to this analysis. The paper argues that, in historical terms, democratic socialism is essentially (almost) synonymous with social democracy.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip teismai, vienintelė institucija, vykdanti teisingumą, formuluodami praktiką, traktuoja teisingumo principą ir su kokiomis pagrindinėmis problemomis susiduria, jį įgyvendindami. Siekiant šio tikslo, tekste analizuojama teisingumo principo samprata teisės teorijoje ir filosofijoje, remiantis teismų praktika, Lietuvos bei užsienio teisės doktrina, nagrinėjamas šio teisės principo turinys, atskleidžiant teisingumo principo svarbą dabartiniu laikotarpiu. Be to, analizuojamas teismų vaidmuo įgyvendinant teisingumą, aptariamas teisingumo principo teisminis aiškinimas. Šiame darbe išskiriamos dabartiniu laikotarpiu svarbiausios teisingumo principo įgyvendinimo problemos. Taip pat atkleidžiama teisingumo, kaip teisės principo, sampratos vieta plačiame teisingumo sampratos diskurse.

Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Páramo (1994 [1955]) is one of the milestones of Mexican literature and it holds an important place in the global canon of the twentieth century. Despite the wide spectrum of interpretative possibilities it offers, there are almost no studies of this important novel from the perspective of embodied cognition. This article draws on the vocabulary of contemporary philosophy to address this critical gap, deconstructing the full range of traditional binary oppositions articulated by Rulfo, which includes: body and mind, cognitive and moral, imaginative and perceptual, mystical and lived, freedom and responsibility, individual and social. However, to establish the relevancy of our chosen conceptual apparatus, we return to Aristotle to offer a novel interpretation which also allows us to situate and correlate both the universal (human) and particular (mestizo) projects laid out by the author of Páramo. We demonstrate both the usefulness of Aristotle’s universal descriptions of the human being and the shortcomings of their rationalism and optimism in the context of the postcolonial world. To modify and extend this adaptation we reflect further on the specific ‘movements’ of the mestizo soul, which privilege embodied moments of cognition and transgression as the proper care for the soul, a soul that embraces both individual and socio-cultural aspects. This finally allows us to address the question of how the post-logocentric enaction and mediation of mestizo identity is possible.

Marcatorii discursivi (DM‐uri) sunt expresii lingvistice care transmit diverse valori semantice și pragmatice, având rolul de a gestiona și organiza structura discursurilor vorbite și scrise. Aceștia pot fi fie expresii formate dintr‐un singur cuvânt, fie locuțiuni, expresii formate din mai multe cuvinte (MWE), alcătuite din conjuncții, adverbe și grupuri prepoziționale. Deși marcatorii discursivi reprezintă obiectul multor studii, unele întrebări legate de interoperabilitatea taxonomiilor și de identificarea și clasificarea automată a acestora necesită cercetări suplimentare. Ne propunem să abordăm aceste aspecte printr‐o analiză critică și prin discutarea constituirii unui corpus multilingv în 10 limbi, și anume: engleză, lituaniană, bulgară, germană, macedoneană, română, ebraică, poloneză, portugheză europeană și italiană. Noua abordare de adnotare pe două niveluri se bazează pe (i) semnalarea existenței sau inexistenței marcatorilor discursivi într‐un text dat și (ii) aplicarea standardului ISO‐24617 pentru a adnota relația discursivă și funcția comunicativă a marcatorilor în corpusuri. În plus, în acest articol, introducem modele de predicție pentru detectarea prezenței marcatorilor discursivi într‐un text.

The present study analyzes the types of interrogative, such as yes/no questions, wh-questions, or alternative questions, and their semantic and pragmatic functions in a multilingual parallel corpus of spoken monologues extracted from the TED Talks transcripts in five languages: English, European Portuguese, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, and Hebrew. The corpus was developed with English as the pivot language, and the examples are aligned in all five languages based on the occurrence of an interrogative. To conduct this study, we designed an annotation scheme that harmonizes two parts of ISO 24617 – Part 8: Semantic relations and Part 2: Dialogue acts. This framework enabled us to determine the discourse relations that questions establish with the segments to which they are connected and that precede them and their communicative function. In our analysis, we observed that, despite the monologic nature of the corpus, interrogatives are very frequent and diversified across the five languages. Our findings also reveal that the questions are mostly used with a pragmatic function and that the range of discourse relations is less varied. Additionally, the analysis disclosed some pertinent differences between the five languages concerning the translation choices.

Recent developments in metaphor theory stress its embodied character. This article brings together these transformational insights and considers them through the lenses of Dante’s approach, which we may call proto-phenomenological, to the phenomenon of evil. Despite the substantial work on different aspects of Dante’s oeuvre, concerning philosophy, theology and poetry, there has been little reflection on his specific phenomenological hermeneutics of the body and its importance for the whole poetic project. The article responds to this neglect with an analysis of the logic of embodied metaphor in relation to a specific, pre-modern context. Hence, the conceptual apparatus of embodied cognition and enactive phenomenology is used here as a method to support the thesis that the language of embodied metaphors grounds a new approach to ontological, epistemological and ethical aspects regarding the phenomenon of evil, which are already apparent in Dante’s work. Therefore, another important outcome of this research is the validation of the primacy of poetry on the grounds of this new (embodied) epistemology.

This article investigates the origins of the experiences involved in the diagnostics (detection and normative evaluation) of biological entities in imagebased medical praxis. Our specific research aim presupposes a vast discussion regarding the origins of knowledge in general, but is narrowed down to the alternatives of anthropomorphism and biomorphism. Accordingly, in the subsequent chapters we will make an attempt to investigate and illustrate what holds the diagnostic experiential situation together-biological regularities, manifestation via movement, conscious synthesis, causal categories, or something else. We argue that as long as knowledge originates out of practices, a promising way forward is to oscillate between the prominent although controversial ideas of the history of philosophy and observations of concrete human practices, such as, in our chosen example, imagebased medical diagnostics of biological pathologies. Although a number of thinkers are involved in the discussion, Aristotle and Husserl are most important here as the representatives of historical paradigms on the matter. The body in this research was not taken solely as the physical entity (Körper) but rather as a transcendental, constitutive structure where diagnostic and biological processes synchronize in teleological movement (Leib). However, philosophical speculations are illustrated by actual radiograms, the interpretation of which brings us back to the aforementioned question of primacy regarding cognition.

This paper argues that although Dworkin’s aim of developing a more practical understanding of moral truth is plausible, his attempt to do that while keeping the concept of moral objectivity remains deeply problematic. Because of its opposition to everything subjective, moral objectivity stands in an inherent conflict with the practical reality that we experience as persons from a first-person perspective; therefore, Dworkin’s attempt to reconceptualize moral objectivity from within a first-person perspective is inherently contradictory. The paper suggests that we should go one step further than Dworkin and give up the concept of moral objec-tivity altogether. A notion of moral certainty instead of moral objectivity would satisfy Dworkin’s intention of finding a practical conception of moral truth more adequately. A brief preliminary conception of it is developed while invoking the German philosopher Robert Spaemann’s ontology of a person.

Surogatinės motinystės praktika išsiskiria iš kitų žmogaus reprodukcijos technikų tuo, kad į šį procesą įtraukia trečiąjį asmenį – moterį, kuri, tapdama gestacine (o tradicinės surogacijos atveju – ir biologine) motina, įsipareigoja atsisakyti išnešioto ir pagimdyto vaiko. Nors ši praktika kontroversiška, kai kurios Europos šalys yra pasiryžusios ją įteisinti. Vis dėlto susiduriama su stipriu įvairių tam nepritariančių grupių bei judėjimų pasipriešinimu. Ispanijoje, neatsižvelgiant į daugybę bandymų, ši praktika nebuvo įteisinta ne tik todėl, kad tam pasipriešino Katalikų Bažnyčia, judėjimai „už gyvybę“ ar krikščioniškų pažiūrų nevyriau- sybinės organizacijos, bet daugiausia dėl to, jog feministinės organizacijos aktyviai dalyvavo visuomeninėse diskusijose ir organizavo kampanijas, priešindamosi šiai praktikai, mat joje, daugelio feminisčių nuomone, instrumentalizuojamas moters kūnas, o vaikai traktuojami kaip objektai.

The experience of post-Soviet Lithuania suggests that the reductive coercive industrial, mechanistic reconstruction of the human and social world need not prevail. It is especially instructive because the collapse of Soviet project was also a rupture – a period of overall spiritual, cultural, political openness and creativity. Christian faith played an important part in resistance prior to this renewal and resurged in manifold ways contrary to what might have been expected. But while this period was characterized by eschatological moods and promise, its realization felt short. As similar moods resurge, the article will look at this brief moment of openness to the future through the lens of the trinitarian reflection on the activity of the Holy Spirit. The article will contend that the notion of the “event” of the Holy Spirit as eschatological Gift is crucial to assess its potential for ongoing theological engagement, offering a view of human activity and creativity.