Višinskis, Vigintas

Straipsnyje analizuojamas vaiko grąžinimo į kilmės valstybę išimčių taikymas pagal 1980 m. Hagos konvenciją dėl tarptautinio vaikų grobimo civilinių aspektų. Pirmojoje straipsnio dalyje vertinamas vaiko prisitaikymas prie naujos aplinkos, kaip viena iš vaiko grąžinimo į kilmės valstybę išimčių. Straipsnyje pritariama teismų praktikoje pateiktiems aiškinimams, kad Konvencijoje įtvirtintas vienerių metų terminas nėra absoliutus, jį reikia aiškinti kartu su Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencija ir tarptautinės teisės aktuose įtvirtinta pareiga atsižvelgti į geriausius vaiko interesus. Antrojoje ir trečiojoje straipsnio dalyse nagrinėjamos Hagos konvencijos 13 straipsnyje įtvirtintos vaiko grąžinimo išimtys: pirma, kai vienas iš tėvų nesinaudojo globos teisėmis, neprieštaravo ar sutiko, kad vaikas būtų išvežtas; antra, kai yra didelė rizika, kad vaiko grąžinimas sukels žalą. Auto- riai pažymi, kad teismo aktyvumas šios kategorijos bylose neturi užgožti įprastos įrodinėjimo pareigos. Be to, teismas turi tinkamai motyvuoti priimamus sprendimus dėl išimčių taikymo. Galiausiai ketvirtojoje straipsnio dalyje analizuojama specifinė vaiko grąžinimo išimtis, t. y. kai vaikas prieštarauja tokiam grąžinimui ir jau yra sulaukęs tokio amžiaus ir brandos, kai tikslinga atsižvelgti į jo nuomonę.

This book is intended to analyse the application of interim measures (also known as provisional measures, protective measures, or interlocutory measures) in Lithuanian civil proceedings. Recently, the importance of interim measures has increased significantly – not only in Lithuania, but also around the world. However, the Lithuanian legal doctrine has not yet provided a detailed analysis of this matter. Lithuanian legal regulation, as is often the case in other countries, provides only very vague guidelines on the application of these measures; therefore, most rules are developed through case law. The first part of this monograph analyses the origins and purpose of interim measures in Lithuanian and foreign law, comparing them with other similar legal concepts and constructs. The authors also analyse the links between interim measures and various institutes in Lithuanian procedural and substantive law. For example, as regards procedural law, it is stressed that, although the relationship between interim measures and compulsory mediation appears at first sight to be contradictory, there is an attempt to reconcile these two institutes in the case law. As regards substantive law, the authors note that sequestration in substantive law is similar, but that these two elements should not be equated in Lithuania. Finally, it is established that the application of a hypothec on assets does not always eliminate the need for asset protection measures (seizure of assets), as the existence of a hypothec only makes the transfer of property more difficult. The second part of the monograph distinguishes the prerequisites and conditions for the application of interim measures, discusses the principles of the application of interim measures, and presents the procedural aspects of interim measures in detail. In Lithuania, the main principles governing the application of interim measures are cost effectiveness, proportionality, and fairness. In addition, courts often distinguish the criterion of relatedness (connectivity), which, although not a principle, represents a requirement that the requested interim measure must be related to the claimant’s claim in court. Lithuanian law requires the demonstration of two commutative con- ditions for the application of interim measures: the claim must be prima facie justified, and there must be an imminent risk. The first condition is relatively easy to prove in court. However, the second condition can mean either a threat to enforcement (e.g., if the defendant intends to dissipate their assets) or another kind of risk related to the rights and interests of the parties (this is particularly the case in individual proceedings such as insolvency proceedings, public procurement cases, family proceedings, etc.). In addition, individual procedural issues relating to interim measures are analysed, such as the modification of interim measures, the revocation of interim measures, and the submission of security for possible damages resulting from interim measures. The third part of this work is devoted to an analysis of specific interim measures and their application in Lithuania. Based on the functional approach, there is no reason to apply the same rules to all possible interim measures, as their intended purposes may differ. One of the most common measures used in Lithuanian courts is seizure of assets. This type of measure is applied if the defendant is proven to be acting in bad faith – that is, seeking to avoid the enforcement of a future court judgment. By contrast, a different type of interim measure – an entry in the public register prohibiting the transfer of ownership – may be applied in the absence of bad faith on the part of the defendant, but it must be clear from the context of the case that the claimant is legitimately seeking to recover the disputed property. Lithuanian civil procedure does not provide for an exhaustive list of measures, so the court has the right to impose measures that are not expressly provided for by the law, but which are justified in the particular circumstances of the case. The last part of the monograph discusses the peculiarities of the application of interim measures in individual categories of cases – namely, cases relating to insolvency, public procurement, intellectual property, company law, and family law. In insolvency proceedings, it has been observed that interim measures have particularities depending on the stage of the insolvency proceedings at which interim measures are sought, and that it is not the individual interest of each creditor that is important, but the collective interest of all creditors. Public procurement cases are characterised by the predominance of the public interest, and interim measures must therefore comply with the public interest requirement. The application of interim measures in intellectual property cases is essentially transposed from current EU legislation. Lithuanian courts are fairly flexible in their interpretation of national rules in order to ensure the supremacy of EU law in these matters. As regards cases involving company law and shareholders’ interests, the authors highlight the increasing need for interim measures in shareholder disputes to be applied in a way that also safeguards the interests of the company itself. Finally, when applying these measures in family cases, the courts always give priority to the best interests of the child. The court has the power to impose these measures on its own initiative (without a request from the applicant), and these measures may also coincide with the subject-matter of the action (e.g., by ordering provisional maintenance for the child).

Straipsnyje analizuojamos asmeninio pobūdžio teismo sprendimo priverstinio vykdymo problemos. Tokie teismo sprendimai pasižymi specifine priverstine jų vykdymo tvarka, kadangi juos gali įvykdyti tik konkretus asmuo (skolininkas) ir įprastos priverstinio vykdymo priemonės, naudojamos priverstinai vykdant piniginio pobūdžio teismo sprendimus, iš esmės nėra taikomos. Priverstinį vykdymo procesą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai nustato kelias sankcijas, kurias teismas turi teisę taikyti skolininkui, nevykdančiam asmeninio pobūdžio teismo sprendimo (nutarties dėl laikinųjų apsaugos priemonių taikymo). Tokios sankcijos reglamentuojamos CPK 145 straipsnio 9 dalyje, 273 straipsnio 3 dalyje ir 771 straipsnio 6 dalyje. Teismų praktikoje kyla nemažai klausimų dėl šių sankcijų taikymo pagrindų aiškinimo, jų tarpusavio suderinamumo. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kokiais atvejais teismas turėtų taikyti minėtuose straipsniuose nustatytas sankcijas, kaip jų taikymas leidžia pasiekti vykdymo proceso tikslus. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, ar šių sankcijų taikymo pagrindai yra tinkamai reglamentuojami ir ar juos aiškinanti teismų praktika tam tikrais klausimais yra pagrįsta ir suderinama.

The Brussels Ibis Regulation (hereinafter – the Regulation) established the free movement of judgments and mutual trust in civil and commercial matters among Member States. However, the Regulation does not provide a clear answer as to whether all decisions of the courts of Member States fall within the scope of this regulation. Although the Regulation introduces the concept of a judgment, it provides only a list of exemplary court documents, which is not exhaustive. This article analyzes the criteria by which the decisions of Member States must be evaluated to ensure their enforceability is recognized across borders. The article also suggests one broad interpretation of the requirement for a court decision to be rendered in adversarial proceedings in order to also include default judgments, court orders and court settlements therein. The author submits that only such a wide interpretation meets the goals of Regulation and is aligned with the political will it enshrines. Finally, the article analyzes whether the decisions of Member States made based on the decisions of third Statesor in matters of their recognition fall within the scope of application of the Regulation.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos išieškojimo iš hipoteka ar įkeitimu įkeisto turto trečiųjų asmenų naudai problemos. Analizuojama, kaip turi būti suderinama hipoteka ar įkeitimu užtikrinto reikalavimo apsauga bei veiksmingo priverstinio vykdymo proceso tikslas, kai kyla poreikis atlikti išieškojimą iš įkeisto turto. Straipsnyje vertinama, kokios procesinės problemos kyla antstoliui siekiant atlikti išieškojimą iš tokio turto, koks yra hipotekos ar įkeitimo kreditoriaus teisinis statusas bei teisės ir pareigos vykdymo procese. Teisminė praktika rodo, kad viena esminių problemų atliekant tokio išieškojimo procedūras yra hipotekos ar įkeitimo kreditoriaus nesutikimas dėl išieškojimo iš jam įkeisto turto. Nagrinėjama, kaip turėtų būti reiškiamas toks sutikimas, kokios teisinės pasekmės kyla kreditoriui prieštaraujant tokiam išieškojimui, kokiais atvejais išieškojimas iš hipoteka ar įkeitimu įkeisto turto galimas kreditoriui nesutinkant. Taip pat analizuojama, kaip priverstinio vykdymo procese turėtų būti organizuojamas hipoteka ar įkeitimu įkeistas turtas..

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos juridinio asmens dalyvių teisinio statuso bankroto procese problemos. Analizuojamas juridinio asmens dalyvių suinteresuotumas bankroto procese, aplinkybės, pagrindžiančios jų dalyvavimą šiame procese. Taip pat nagrinėjamos juridinio asmens dalyvių teisės ir pareigos bankroto proceso inicijavimo ir vykdymo stadijoje. Tiriama, kokius veiksmus gali atlikti juridinio asmens dalyviai, siekdami atkurti juridinio asmens mokumą ir nutraukti bankroto bylą. Be to, analizuojamos ir individualios įmonės savininko padėties individualios įmonės bankroto procese problemos.

This book is dedicated to enforcement proceedings which are the fundamental part of legal defence. It is also an integral part of the right to a fair trial. Without effective enforcement mechanisms the modern legal system would be illusionary and the rule of law would not be ensured. Since the self-defence of civil rights is strictly limited in the modern society, the state has the duty to establish mechanisms of enforcement which provide effective legal remedies and a fair balance of interests of the participants in these proceedings. The analysis of enforcement proceedings in this book begins with the assessment of the role of enforcement proceedings in the legal system. There are a couple of theories of enforcement proceedings. One theory says that enforcement is an independent legal system, another claims that it is a part of civil proceedings. Also, there a third theory which suggests that enforcement is a part of public law. Though all theories have certain arguments, the authors of this book argue that enforcement in Lithuania is a part of civil proceedings and could be reasonably regarded as “the last stage of civil proceedings”. The also authors focus on the analysis of sources of enforcement proceedings. The authors aim to provide a systematic analysis of enforcement proceedings and legal questions (areas) which are directly related to them, such as insolvency proceedings, the principle of res judicata, certain provisional measures and the problems of the application of the European Convention of Human Rights (Convention) in enforcement proceedings. The authors analyse the impact of commencement of insolvency proceedings of natural persons and enterprises on enforcement proceedings against the debtor and the interplay between these systems. The principle of res judicata is a fundamental aspects of enforcement proceedings since as a general rule only the final court judgment is subject to enforcement proceedings. However, the authors have found certain occasions when the principle of res judicata is limited in enforcement proceedings. The application of the Convention is also particularly important for ensurance of the lawfulness of enforcement proceedings. The authors discuss how the right to a fair trial, 415 right to a private life and right to property are ensured in enforcement proceedings. The systematic analysis of enforcement proceedings in this book in based on the procedural assessment, meaning that the authors analyse enforcement proceedings from beginning to the end of enforcement actions. In enforcement proceedings the fair balance between the rights and duties of its participants should be ensured. The leading position of enforcement proceedings in the modern legal system is based on the search for the balance of these interests. The authors analyse how this balance of interests should be ensured and the most effective way of enforcement should be provided. The rights and duties of participants of enforcement proceedings are assessed. The most significant participant of enforcement proceedings is a bailiff who is responsible for enforcement of enforceable instruments. The role, appointment, liability of a bailiff is analysed in this book. Also, the rights and obligations of participants of enforcement proceedings, other interested parties are assed. A great attention is paid to the actual enforcement actions. The areas of enforcement proceedings which often raises various questions in the judicial practice are claims against deeds of property foreclosure, realisation of debtors’ assets in the auction, property attachment, valuation of attached property. All these aspects of enforcement proceedings and the relevant case law are analysed in this book. Furthermore, the authors focus on the legal remedies in enforcement proceedings. There are few legal remedies in the enforcement proceedings in Lithuania. All the legal remedies form a systematic mechanism of protection of the rights of persons participating in enforcement proceedings. The most common mechanism of protection of rights is lodging an appeal against bailiff’s actions. There is a pre-trial dispute settlement procedure of disputes arising from the enforcement actions which require first to submit a claim to the bailiff and only in case a bailiff fails to satisfy the claim, it can be lodged to the court. The peculiarities of such dispute settlement mechanisms are assessed.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami įmonės pardavimo tikslai ir tvarka įmonių bankroto procese. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad įmonės pardavimo tikslai neatitinka klasikinių bankroto proceso tikslų, nes jis yra siejamas su platesniais ekonominiais ir socialiniais tikslais, kurie gali būti pasiekti realizavus visą įmonę kaip turto objektą. Straipsnyje skiriamas dėmesys lyginamajai užsienio valstybių teisinio reguliavimo analizei, tiriama, kaip ši procedūra reglamentuojama Estijos, Latvijos, Lenkijos ir Prancūzijos bankroto teisėje. Nagrinėjama ir Juridinių asmenų nemokumo įstatyme nustatyta įmonės pardavimo procedūra bei jos problemos. Autoriai aiškinasi, kaip turi būti užtikrinamas įmonės pardavimas kuo ankstesnėje bankroto proceso stadijoje, teikia siūlymą dėl įmonės pardavimo tvarkos keitimo, į ją įtraukiant teismą. Analizuojama, kaip turi būti pateikti siūlymai pirkti įmonę, kokius veiksmus turėtų atlikti nemokumo administratorius, kaip turi būti užtikrinami įmonės darbuotojų interesai ir kokie reikalavimai įmonės pirkėjui turėtų būti nustatyti įstatyme.