This article examines whether state measures requiring data localisation, restricted transfer and increased regulatory control of platform generated data can be reconciled with international economic law (IEL). The central question is whether data localisation measures, justified on cybersecurity and sovereignty grounds, can satisfy the disciplines of market access, national treatment, and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article XIV necessity test, and investment protection standards. While data localisation and cybersecurity policies reflect states’ pursuit of digital sovereignty, they may simultaneously restrict cross border digital services, increase compliance costs for foreign platforms and affect digital investors. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, the article analyses GATS Articles XVI, XVII and XIV, selected digital trade provisions in the United States Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and investment law principles relating to fair and equitable treatment, indirect expropriation and police powers. China’s Cybersecurity Law is used as the main example. The article argues that IEL permits legitimate regulation of platform data, but only where such regulation is transparent, non-discriminatory, proportionate and not a disguised restriction on trade or investment.

There are approximately 46 million women and girls with disabilities living in the European Union, based on a functional understanding of disability. Despite this significant number, discrimination against this group remains pervasive. Access to both general and reproductive health care services continues to be limited and, for many, unattainable. Barriers stem from practical obstacles – such as inadequate infrastructure, insufficient accessibility, and lack of effective communication – as well as legal and systemic issues, including entrenched discriminatory attitudes. Women with disabilities are still too often perceived as asexual or unfit for motherhood, which reinforces their exclusion from reproductive health services. International and European human rights law prohibits discrimination on the grounds of disability and requires states to ensure equal and effective access to health care. The aim of this article is to assess whether the Lithuanian legal framework and its implementation ensure effective and non-discriminatory access to reproductive health care services for women with disabilities, considering international and European human rights obligations. The article examines structural, legal and attitudinal barriers that persist in practice and evaluates their compatibility with the principles of equality, non-discrimination and reproductive autonomy.

This article explores the phenomenon of legal obsolescence within the Lithuanian legal system, specifically focusing on the challenges posed by the Register of Legal Acts. As of May 2026, the Register of Legal Acts contains over 380 000 objects marked as ‘In Force’, whereas the ‘Not Applicable’ status is utilised for only 21 objects, primarily those invalidated by the Constitutional Court. This accumulation of legislation – acts that are formally in force but practically irrelevant – creates significant hurdles for legal clarity and increasingly misleads artificial intelligence systems, which may cite outdated norms as applicable law. The author identifies several distinct categories of obsolete acts cluttering the Register. These include transitional legislation from the 1990s that was never systematically reviewed, and acts issued by liquidated institutions that currently lack a legal mechanism for repeal. Furthermore, the Register is burdened by temporary collaborative mechanisms and a vast number of individual implementing acts (e.g. decrees on vacations or civil servant penalties). The indefinite publication of these individual legal acts raises personal data protection concerns, as sensitive information remains publicly accessible long after its administrative purpose has been served. The article highlights significant legislative shortcomings, including the minimal use of ‘sunset clauses’ and the failure of ‘temporary laws’ to actually expire. Drawing on international models – such as the revision commissions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Italy’s Taglialeggi reform, and the European Union’s REFIT programme – the author suggests a systematic ‘regulatory deep cleaning’. The article concludes by proposing amendments to the Law on Legislative Framework and the Law on the Government to grant authorities the power to purge obsolete norms, thereby ensuring the Lithuanian Register remains a reliable, transparent, and technologically compatible source of law.

Type of the article: Research Article Abstract Internal marketing is widely discussed, but its assessment remains fragmented, particularly in higher education institutions. This study aims to identify relevant aspects of internal marketing in higher education institutions, develop an extended item set, and conduct an initial exploratory analysis. Data were collected in January–February 2026 from a convenience sample of 105 respondents from Lithuanian higher education institutions. The initial set comprised 55 items: 42 covered employee-oriented domains derived from the 11-item internal marketing framework, and 13 addressed management support, internal procedures, and employee appraisal. Principal component analysis suggested a provisional six-component structure, and 33 items were retained in the provisional item set. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure was 0.903, Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001), and the total explained variance was 73.94%. The overall internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.965), although this value may also indicate possible item redundancy.Given the small sample relative to the initial number of items, the convenience sampling strategy, and the incomplete analytical record of the item-reduction process, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary exploratory evidence rather than as validation of a measurement instrument. The proposed six-component structure should be regarded as unstable and sample-dependent and should be re-evaluated through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using substantially larger, independent samples. Potential differences among respondent groups were not examined. The results suggest that internal marketing in higher education institutions may encompass traditional employee-oriented aspects, management support, and procedural clarity.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sąmonės ir smegenų santykio tyrimas, atliktas Bergsono veikale Materija ir atmintis bei tiesiogiai su šiuo veikalu susijusiuose tekstuose. Nuodugniai analizuojama populiari psichofiziologinė paralelizmo teorija, sąmonės ir smegenų koreliaciją pavertusi ekvivalencija, ir atskleidžiamas jos filosofinis pobūdis, paneigiant jos moksliškumo klišę. Remdamasis visais laikmečio neurologiniais tyrimais, Bergsonas grindžia sąmonės autonomijos smegenų atžvilgiu tezę ir siūlo originalų sąmonės ir smegenų santykio modelį. „Kontaktas“ ir „tarpas“ tarp smegenų ir sąmonės leidžia ne tik atnaujinti filosofinę sąmonės įkūnijimo problemą, bet ir keisti egzistencines gyvenimo nuostatas.

As life expectancy increases, societies need to implement strategies that support healthy ageing in place. Community mobility is a vital part of this, as older adults need access to healthcare, shops, and local amenities to maintain their health, independence, and social engagement. Aim: The COST Action BOPALIM (Building Opportunities for Participation and Accessibility through Lifelong Community Mobility) aims to create a framework to guide European and country-specific efforts related to the provision of accessible and user-friendly transport options for older adults. Method: Subtask 3.3 has collected case studies from COST Action members regarding appropriate and affordable public transport solutions under the umbrella of community mobility. These case studies were synthesised to create 5–10 vignettes, combining narrative and thematic approaches. Preliminary findings: The collected case studies address themes related to the usability, safety, and accessibility of public transport. They also explore how technological advancements can function either as additional barriers or as practical solutions for participation, often embedded within broader political issues such as cost and environmental concerns. These findings are consistent with the literature review but add a more nuanced understanding of contextual factors and personal experiences of mobility issues of older adults in Europe and beyond.

The use of personal mobile devices by SMEs is widespread, but it raises increasingly pressing cyber security issues. Particular attention in this article is paid to the preparedness of small enterprises to guarantee cyber security as personal mobile devices are used in the workplace. This study explores how the use of personal mobile devices impacts cyber security in small businesses and how errors can be prevented when developing a unifi ed model for managing cyber security risks for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study employs a descriptive research design, statistical analysis, multiple case studies of cyber security practices in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States; analysis of various strategies and standards; modeling and expert assessment (semi-structured interviews). The uniqueness of the proposed model lies combining integrated strategies and recommendations for managing various cyber security risk factors, thereby enabling SMEs to manage these risks using a holistic approach.