Šidlauskienė, Jūratė

Tik maža dalis mokytojų – mažiau nei dešimtadalis – reguliariai naudoja dirbtinio intelekto (DI) technologijas pamokose, nors šie įrankiai jau spėjo tapti nepakeičiamais daugelio žmonių, ypatingai jaunų, kasdienybėje. Mokiniams DI padeda ruošiantis testams, sprendžiant sudėtingas užduotis ar gilinant tam tikras žinias, o mokytojai vis dar skeptiškai vertina šias inovacijas. Mykolo Romerio universiteto (MRU) magistrantės Jūratės Adrijos Šidlauskienės atliktas tyrimas atskleidžia, kaip šios technologijos praturtina mokymosi procesą. Tuo pačiu akcentuoja ir tai, kad švietimo sistema dar tik mokosi prisitaikyti prie šių pokyčių.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate a criterion of potential consequences of liability of an Internet portal for unlawful comments of its visitors and set certain general waymarks, which would apply to cases of this kind. Research methodology – The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in four cases (Delfi AS v. Estonia, MTE & Index v. Hungary, Pihl v. Sweden and Tamiz v. the United Kingdom) on whether civil liability can be justified to the website operators for anonymous comments made on their portals that violate the right to privacy. One of the criteria of such evaluation was the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities, but its content and meaning have not been thoroughly studied in the doctrine. Therefore the authors analyse the content of this criterion on the basis of a comparative method. Taking into account the legal context of this study, specific methods of legal interpretation are used in this article (such as, systemic, teleologic, histrorical). Findings – Authors conclude that addressing the civil liability of website operators for damages caused by anonymous comments violating the right to privacy must consider not only the financial, and not only ad hoc, short- and long-term adverse effects of the website operators in general, but the impact of the ruling on the concept of free media and other property and non-material consequences for a democratic society as a whole. Research limitations – This article deals with one criteria for the application of civil liability of website operators for the infringement of an individual’s right to privacy by anonymous comments, that is – the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities. That is the continuation of the authors’ research on the topic of website operator’s liability for unlawful anonymous comments. Practical implications – The research reveals that the consequences of applying the civil liability to the website operator are conditions for assessment of extent of the already existing civil liability; therefore, the criteria of the consequences that arose and / or could arise to website operator are not to be considered as factors justifying the application of civil liability, but rather as factors determining, i.e. extending or limiting, the extent of civil liability. Originality/Value – The vacuum of a consistent concept of assessing the behavior of website operators in response to unlawful comments poses a threat not only to the sustainability of website operators as business or public interest entities, but also to the stability of the legal system as a whole. It is therefore important to disclose the content of elements of assessment of the necessity of restricting the freedom of expression of website operators in a democratic society, which are unregulated and formulated only in the case law of the ECtHR, and which have been applied in national courts for horizontal civil liability claims for anonymous comments. There are no previous research that would focus on these issues.

In 2013 and 2015 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) by its judgements in the famous case Delfi AS v. Estonia admitted the possibility of liability of the Internet news portal operator for unlawful comments of users. However, just half a year later, the ECHR in MTE & Index v. Hungary case, which was, at first sight, similar, took a different decision, i.e. that the website operator could not be held liable. Finally, in 2017 the ECHR in Pihl v. Sweden case resolved a dispute over a comment posted in a blog. Thus, this article analyses, by applying the comparative method, the primary presumptions for website operator’s liability established in the above mentioned cases. The authors define the criteria for assessment of the context of comments and models of conduct of website operators and set certain general waymarks, which could be applied in similar cases.

In 2013 and 2015, the ECtHR in the famous case of Delfi AS v. Estonia recognised the possibility for a website operator to be liable for the delayed removal of illegal comments of internet users. In this case the ECtHR formulated criteria for a website operator’s liability for damage caused to a third party by its visitor comments. The judgment of 2016 in the case of MTE & Index v. Hungary the ECtHR modified the criteria for a website operator’s liability, interpreting it to the benefit of web managers. This article seeks to reveal the criteria for the liability of a website operator and to draw some general guidance that can be applied in similar cases.

The article is aimed at analysing the Lithuanian case - law after the judgments that were delivered by the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred t o as the "ECHR") on the cases of Delfi AS v. Estonia and Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete & Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary (hereinafter referred to as the " MTE & Index v. Hungary").

Straipsnio autorė, atsižvelgdama į 2008–2010 m. Lietuvoje nuvilnijusios juridinių asmenų bankrotų bangos nulemtą laidavimo sutarčių ginčijimo eros pradžią ir į iš esmės menką laidavimo sutarčių nuginčijimo galimybę, analizuoja Lietuvos Respublikos teismuose neprofesionalių laiduotojų pasirinktus sutarčių ginčijimo pagrindus, apibendrina ieškinių tenkinimo statistiką, analizuoja ir lygina šiuo klausimu formuojamą užsienio valstybių praktiką. Straipsnyje bandomi atriboti vartojimo ir / ar verslo tikslu sudaryti laidavimo sandoriai, vertinama kiekvieno iš jų nuginčijimo tikimybė, pateikiama kriterijų, kuriais remiasi ir / ar turėtų remtis teismai, analizė, aptariama pagrindinės prievolės (ne) ginčijimo įtaka laidavimo sutarties galiojimui kvestionuoti.

Civilinės teisės specialiosios dalies praktikumas – tai mokomasis leidinys, skirtas teisės ir kitų studijų programų studentams padėti pasirengti seminarams ir kitiems akademiniams užsiėmimams, taip pat studijuojantiems savarankiškai. Pirmąją praktikumo dalį sudaro 13 temų, apimančių bendruosius prievolių teisės klausimus (1–4 temos), nesutartines prievoles (5–8 temos) ir bendrąsias sutarčių teisės nuostatas (9–13 temos). Kiekvieną leidinio temą sudaro jos turinį atskleidžiančios potemės, ištraukos iš aktualios teismų praktikos, probleminiai klausimai, praktinės užduotys ir literatūros sąrašas. Praktikumo pabaigoje pridedama pavyzdinė preliminarioji būsimojo buto pirkimo-pardavimo sutartis ir pateikiami praktinių situacijų sprendimų pavyzdžiai. Leidinys taip pat gali būti naudingas teisės praktikams ir visiems kitiems, besidomintiems civilinės teisės problematika bei jos aktualijomis.