Bilevičiūtė, Eglė

Administracinis procesas reglamentuota viešojo administravimo subjektų veiklą, apimančią viešąjį administravimą, išankstinį ginčų nagrinėjimą ne teisme, administracinių bylų nagrinėjimą teismine tvarka, administracinių nusižengimų teiseną. Administraciniai teismai yra teisminės kontrolės institucija, kuri spręsdama administracinį ginčą sprendime pateikia išvadą, ar viešojo administravimo subjekto priimtas administracinis sprendimas yra teisėtas ir tinkamai pagrįstas faktais bei teisės normomis, kaip to reikalauja teisės aktai. Administracinėje byloje kilus klausimų, reikalaujančių specialiųjų mokslo, meno, technikos ar amato srities žinių, teismas ar teisėjas turi skirti ekspertą arba pavesti ekspertizės įstaigai atlikti ekspertizę. Nagrinėjant administracinį ginčą teisme gali būti pasitelkta ir specialistų paaiškinimais. Tačiau Lietuvos Respublikos viešojo administravimo įstatyme mes nerasime nei eksperto, nei specialisto sąvokos, todėl kyla klausimas, ar viešojo administravimo subjektas priimdamas administracinį sprendimą turi teisę pasitelkti specialisto ar eksperto pagalbą, ar administracinėse procedūrose gali dalyvauti minėti subjektai ir pan. Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkai analizuojant administracinės teisenos problemas, skiria dėmesį įstatyminiam proceso reguliavimui. Šio straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti eksperto (specialisto) vaidmenį viešajame administravime, įvertinant skirtingą ekspertinės veiklos traktavimą administracinių teismų veikoje ir viešojo administravimo subjektų veikloje.

The development of modern society and the continuous expansion of legal relations have contributed to a gradual increase in the number and complexity of legal disputes. At the same time, the growing workload of courts and the prolonged duration of judicial proceedings have reinforced the significance of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Among the various forms of alternative dispute resolution, legal scholarship has recently devoted particular attention to the application of mediation in disputes between public administration authorities and private individuals. The concept of peaceful dispute resolution, based on dialogue and cooperation rather than adversarial confrontation, is primarily implemented through mediation procedures. Compared to judicial proceedings, mediation offers several advantages, including a more expeditious resolution of disputes, reduced financial costs, and greater procedural autonomy for the parties involved. In Lithuania, the system of administrative justice incorporates both judicial and quasi-judicial models of administrative dispute resolution, including proceedings before the Regional Administrative Court and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania, as well as pre-trial dispute resolution institutions. The establishment of a mandatory pre-trial dispute-resolution mechanism in Lithuanian administrative law largely aligns with European standards for accessible and efficient administrative justice. Under the current legal framework, certain administrative disputes are subject to mandatory examination by the Lithuanian Administrative Disputes Commission, which operates as a quasi-judicial body. It should be noted that the use of mediation within the Commission's activities has been gradually increasing. Although both Lithuanian and foreign scholars have analyzed mediation as a method of pre-trial administrative dispute resolution, insufficient attention has been paid to the practical functioning of the Lithuanian Administrative Disputes Commission, the challenges arising in its operations, and the methods used in its dispute-resolution practice. Accordingly, this article examines the general processes of mediation in administrative law, with particular emphasis on the legal regulation and operational aspects of the Lithuanian Administrative Disputes Commission.

Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip suderinti konstitucinę saviraiškos ir informacijos laisvę su teise į asmens duomenų apsaugą, kai žurnalistai ir kiti viešosios informacijos rengėjai prašo duomenų iš valdžios institucijų. Praktikoje neretai kyla situacijų, kai valdžios institucijos, remdamosi Bendruoju duomenų apsaugos reglamentu, atsisako teikti informaciją, kurioje yra asmens duomenų, taip sudarydamos prielaidas galimai neproporcingai riboti teisę gauti informaciją ir silpninti žiniasklaidos, kaip demokratijos sergėtojos, funkcijos įgyvendinimą. Straipsnyje tiriama saviraiškos ir informacijos laisvės norminė aplinka Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos teisėje, apžvelgiama teismų praktika ir nagrinėjami galimi teisių gynimo būdai (kreipimasis į Seimo kontrolierių, Lietuvos administracinių ginčų komisiją, Regionų administracinį teismą), įvertinant jų trukmę ir praktinį veiksmingumą. Pagrindinė išvada – esamos gynybos priemonės ne visuomet užtikrina savalaikę ir veiksmingą žiniasklaidos atstovų teisės gauti informaciją apsaugą, todėl siūloma svarstyti šios teisės stiprinimą įgaliojimus nagrinėti skundus dėl informacijos neteikimo suteikiant žurnalistų etikos inspektoriui ir taip prisidėti prie labiau subalansuoto duomenų apsaugos ir saviraiškos laisvės derinimo modelio.

Administrative justice system in Lithuania consists not only of special administrative courts but also includes different quasi court institution for examination of administrative disputes. The article presents the problematic aspects of application of special knowledge in examination of administrative disputes on pre-trial level.

This article is concerned with one of the most pressing issues of today’s world, namely, e-government. The article defines e-government and the opportunities that arise in connection with its implementation. Particular attention is paid to the situation regarding e-governance in Ukraine, using the example of the Diia portal, as the author, a citizen of Ukraine, was interested in studying the situation in her country. The definition of the Diia portal and the legal status of this system are described in detail. A list of legal acts regulating issues related to Diia is provided. The main achievements and novelty of this application globally are outlined. The main problems relating to the functioning of the Diaa application are discussed, namely: 1) the problem of accessibility for the population; 2) the lack of a sufficient number of analogues abroad, which in turn leads to experimental ways of introducing certain services; 3) security issues, which include the threat of data leaks, a lack of public trust and the creation of artificial analogues of the Diia application with the aim of falsifying documents. I suggest ways to solve these problems that I consider appropriate and effective. The need to adopt the experiences of leading countries who have developed such portals is emphasized. Therefore, the example of Estonia, with its eesti.ee portal, was reviewed and analysed. This central platform provides various public services to citizens and businesses, enabling access to a wide range of public services online. The experience of South Korea is also discussed, as it has an advanced e-government system that uses innovative technologies, including artificial intelligence. One of the key elements of this system is the GovNet portal. Ukraine should definitely investigate such examples, as they could be the beginning of solving the existing problems and shortcomings in the country’s e-government system.

Mediation as an alternative dispute resolution method has gained considerable popularity worldwide. From the spectrum of legal ways to solve disputes, mediation distinguishes itself as a rational and flexible approach that gains even more traction as a substitute for traditional, court-centred disputes. Currently, the full implementation of mediation in Ukraine is an important topic. For example, it could relieve overloading in the judicial system. Furthermore, implementing mediation will assist in Ukraine’s path to European integration. This article focuses on investigating the extent to which the current Ukrainian mediation legislation aligns with the concepts contained within EU standards and which development does mediation gain due to existing in current challenges. It includes a comparative analysis of Ukrainian mediation legislation with relevant EU legal regulations and examines best practices in EU Member States. Additionally, it identifies gaps and inconsistencies between the Ukrainian and EU frameworks while presenting insights into the current state of Ukrainian mediation law from the perspective of EU standards.

The article deals with the problem of the evolution of global administrative law in the digital age, highlighting its transformation in response to technological advances. Special attention is paid to the description of digital tools, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and digital identity systems, in administrative procedures, emphasising their potential to enhance transparency, efficiency and cross-border cooperation. The challenges posed by digital sovereignty, cybersecurity, algorithmic fairness and jurisdictional conflicts are analysed alongside the opportunities for harmonisation of international standards and frameworks. There is a particular focus on the role international organisations can play in shaping digital administrative practices. The article also considers environmental sustainability and the digital divide, proposing solutions to bridge disparities between nations. With a focus on Ukraine’s digital reforms, particularly its Diia platform and alignment with European Union standards, the paper describes the importance of global cooperation in developing adaptable legal frameworks. This comprehensive analysis offers insights into the future of administrative law in a rapidly digitalising world.

Ekspertas ar specialistas yra specialus subjektas, kuris turi specialias žinias ir tiesiogiai dalyvauja įvairiuose bylų nagrinėjimo procesuose. Teisėsauginei veiklai Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos Reglamentas (ES) 2016/679 (BDAR) taikomas ribotai, tačiau ir šioje veikloje, tame tarpe eksperto ar specialisto, kuris pasitelkiamas teismo ir teisėsaugos įstaigų įvairių rūšių ginčų nagrinėjime, turi būti užtikrinama asmens duomenų bei privatumo tinkama apsauga. Straipsnio tikslas atskleisti asmens duomenų apsaugos ekspertų ir specialistų veikloje problematiką. Šis klausimas gali būti nagrinėjamas dviem aspektais – kai pats ekspertas ar specialistas naudoja asmens duomenis atliekant tyrimus bei pačių ekspertų ir specialistų asmens duomenų apsauga. Straipsnyje eksperto ir specialisto sąvoka bei veikla nagrinėjama plačiąja prasme – ne tik klasikiniuose teisminiuose procesuose, bet ir viešajame administravime.